Cerebral aneurysm is defined as a cerebrovascular disorder causes
of the blood vessel to bulge or balloon out of
the wall of a blood vessel as a result of the weaken
of blood vessels and veins and occurred mostly at the bifurcations and
branches of the large arteries located at the Circle of Willis.
Phytochemicals against Cerebral Aneurysm
1. Catechin is phytochemical of
Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly
in white tea, green tea, black tea, grapes, wine, apple juice, cocoa,
lentils, etc.
a. Cholesterol
In a systematic
review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating
the relationship between GTCs and serum lipid levels, including total,
low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol, and triglycerides, found that the consumption of GTCs is
associated with a statistically significant reduction in total and LDL
cholesterol levels; however, there was no significant effect on HDL
cholesterol or triglyceride levels, according to " Green tea catechins decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a systematic review and meta-analysis" by Kim A, Chiu A, Barone MK, Avino D, Wang F, Coleman CI, Phung OJ.(64)
b. Antioxidant activity
In the
research on polyphenolic compounds (included catechins) in the berries
of edible honeysuckle and their biological effects, including
recommended utilization, are reviewed found that These berries seem to
be prospective sources of health-supporting phytochemicals that
exhibit beneficial anti-adherence and chemo-protective activities,
thus they may provide protection against a number of chronic conditions, e.g., cancer, diabetes mellitus, tumour growth or cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, according to "Phenolic profile of edible honeysuckle berries (genus lonicera) and their biological effects" by Jurikova T, Rop O, Mlcek J, Sochor J, Balla S, Szekeres L, Hegedusova A, Hubalek J, Adam V, Kizek R.(65)
c. Neuroprotective effects
In the evaluation the neuroprotective effects of theanine and catechins
contained in green tea , found that the mechanism of the
neuroprotective effect of theanine is related not only to the glutamate
receptor but also to other mechanisms such as the glutamate
transporter, although further studies are needed. One of the onset
mechanisms for arteriosclerosis, a major factor in ischemic
cerebrovascular disease, is probably the oxidative alteration of
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by active oxygen species. The oxidative
alterations of LDL were shown to be prevented by tea catechins. Scavenging of *O(2)(-) was also exhibited by tea catechins. The neuroprotective effects of theanine and catechins contained in green tea are a focus of considerable attention, and further studies are warranted, according to "Neuroprotective effects of the green tea components theanine and catechins" by Kakuda T.(66)
2. Tangeritin, one of the flavones, is found in tangerine and many citrus peels
a. Cholesterol
In the
investigation of the formulations containing citrus polymethoxylated
flavones (PMFs), mainly tangeretin, or citrus flavanone glucosides,
hesperidin and naringin and theirs anti hypercholesterolemia effect
found that PMFs are novel flavonoids with cholesterol- and
triacylglycerol-lowering potential and that elevated levels of PMF
metabolites in the liver might be directly responsible for their
hypolipidemic effects in vivo, according to "Hypolipidemic Effects and Absorption of Citrus Polymethoxylated Flavones in Hamsters with Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia" by Elzbieta M. Kurowska and John A. Manthey, KGK Synergize Inc.(67)
b. Neuroprotective effects
In the evaluation of neuroprotective effects of a natural antioxidant tangeretin, a citrus flavonoid and its effect on Parkinson's disease found that tangeretin crosses the blood-brain barrier. The significant protection of striato-nigral integrity and functionality by tangeretin suggests its potential use as a neuroprotective agent, according to "Tissue distribution and neuroprotective effects of citrus flavonoid tangeretin in a rat model of Parkinson's disease" by Datla KP, Christidou M, Widmer WW, Rooprai HK, Dexter DT.(68)
c. Antioxidants
In the
comparison of hand-pressed juice of polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs)
and flavanone glycosides (FGs) and the peeled fruit of 'Sainampueng'
tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) antioxidant
effects found that hand-pressed juice of C. reticulata Blanco cv.
Sainampueng serves as a rich source of PMFs, FGs, carotenoids, and antioxidants:
4-5 tangerine fruits ( approximately 80 g of each fruit) giving one
glass of 200 mL hand-pressed juice would provide more than 5 mg of
nobiletin and tangeretin
and 36 mg of hesperidin, narirutin, and didymin, as well as 30 mg of
ascorbic acid, >1 mg of provitamin A active beta-cryptoxanthin, and
200 microg of alpha-tocopherol, according to "Polymethoxylated flavones, flavanone glycosides, carotenoids, and antioxidants in different cultivation types of tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) from Northern Thailand" by Stuetz W, Prapamontol T, Hongsibsong S, Biesalski HK.(69)
d. Antimicrobial activity
In
the study of antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane
extracts of Citrus spp. peels found that antimicrobial activity
especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes:
4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and
3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and
6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin)
from C. limon, according to "Antimicrobial activity of wax and hexane extracts from Citrus spp. peels" by Johann S, Oliveira VL, Pizzolatti MG, Schripsema J, Braz-Filho R, Branco A, Smânia Jr A.(70)
3. Rosemarinol, is a phytochemical monophenols, found in essential oil of labiate herbs like Rosemary and also in variety of other plants.
a. Antimicrobial activity
In
the observation of the essential oils from clove (Syzygium aromaticum
(L.) Merr. et Perry) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and their
anti,icrobial effects found that The antimicrobial activity of
combinations of the two essential oils indicated their additive,
synergistic or antagonistic effects against individual microorganism
tests. The time-kill curves of clove and rosemary essential oils
towards three strains showed clearly bactericidal and fungicidal
processes of (1)/(2) x MIC, MIC, MBC and 2 x MIC, according to "Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination" by Fu Y, Zu Y, Chen L, Shi X, Wang Z, Sun S, Efferth T.(71)
b. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the research of the extract of rosemary
leaves from supercritical fluid extraction and its anti inflammatory
effects found that the yield of 3.92% and total phenolics of 213.5 mg/g extract
obtained from the most effective extraction conditions showed a high
inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation (IC(50) 33.4 μg/mL). Both the
SC-CO(2) extract and CA markedly suppressed the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor
necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as the expression of inducible
nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),
phosphorylated inhibitor-kappaB (P-IκB), and nuclear factor-kappaB
(NF-κB)/p65 in a dose-dependent manner, according to the study of "Anti-inflammatory effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extract and its isolated carnosic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis leaves" by Kuo CF, Su JD, Chiu CH, Peng CC, Chang CH, Sung TY, Huang SH, Lee WC, Chyau CC.(72)
4. Rutin also known as rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and sophorin is a Flavonols, belong to Flavonoids (polyphenols) of Phenolic compounds found orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime, berries mulberry, cranberries, buckwheat etc.
a. Anti-inflammatory activity
In the investigation of Rutin, a natural flavone derivative and its anti inflammatory effect found that Oral administration of rutin reduced rat paw swelling starting 2 hours after lambda-carrageenan injection. Rutin
reduced significantly (p < 0.05) and in a dose-dependant manner
the polymorphonuclear neutrophils chemotaxis to fMet-Leu-Phe,
according to the study of "Anti-inflammatory effect of rutin on rat paw oedema, and on neutrophils chemotaxis and degranulation" by Selloum L, Bouriche H, Tigrine C, Boudoukha C.(73)
b. Diabetes, Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia
In the analyzing Dietary antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and its protection against early-stage diabetes mellitus, found that Rutin
(50 mg kg(-1)) reduced (p<0.05) blood glucose and improved the
lipid profile in STZ-induced diabetic rats and concluded that that rutin
can improve hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia while inhibiting the
progression of liver and heart dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic
rats, acccording to "Influence of rutin treatment on biochemical alterations in experimental diabetes" by Fernandes AA, Novelli EL, Okoshi K, Okoshi MP, Di Muzio BP, Guimarães JF, Fernandes Junior A.(74)
c. Cardiovascular health
In the testing the hypothesis of the consumption of a diet rich in flavonoids can be associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease found that hamster fed with 2% cranberry concentrate powder (HFHC+CE); a HFHC with 0.1% rutin (HFHC+Rutin);
and a HFHC with 30 mg/kg vitamin E (HFHC+Vit.E) diet for either 12 or
20 weeks, found that Ratios of plasma high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-C) to very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and of
plasma HDL-C to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly
higher in animals consuming HFHC+Vit.E, according to the strudy of "Effects of a flavonol-rich diet on select cardiovascular parameters in a Golden Syrian hamster model" by Kalgaonkar S, Gross HB, Yokoyama W, Keen CL.(75)
d. Ischemia-reperfusion brain injury-related disorders
In
the investigation of rutin's effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion
(IR) injury caused by free radical induced neural damage found that the
elevated level of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS),
H(2)O(2) and protein carbonyl (PC) in MCAO group was attenuated
significantly in rutin-pretreated group and concluded that rutin
treatment may represent a novel approach in lowering the risk or
improving the function of ischemia-reperfusion brain injury-related
disorders, according to Rutin protects the neural damage induced by transient focal ischemia in rats" by Khan MM, Ahmad A, Ishrat T, Khuwaja G, Srivastawa P, Khan MB, Raza SS, Javed H, Vaibhav K, Khan A, Islam F.(76)
5. Glycitein is a
phytochemical in the Isoflavones, belonging to the group of Flavonoids
(polyphenols), found abundantly in food of the family of legumes,
soy, peanuts, chick peas, fava beans, alfalfa, kudzu, etc.
a. Antioxidants
in the
evaluation of the antioxidant activity and contents of various
polyphenol classes in the seeds of seven soybean varieties of different
seed color and one yellow seed cultivar, found that antioxidant
activity of seed extracts was evaluated by the
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity assay. A
positive linear correlation between antioxidant activity and contents
of total polyphenols and anthocyanins was established. The highest
antioxidant activity was observed in the extracts of black and brown
varieties, which also showed high levels of all polyphenol classes
examined. Yellow seed had the highest total isoflavone content
(3.62 mg/g of dry material). The highest concentration of total daidzein
was determined in black seeds (>2.0 mg/g of dry material), and the
highest total glycitein
and genistein contents occurred in the yellow cultivar (0.53 and
1.49 mg/g of dry material, respectively). According to our results,
varieties of black and brown seeds could be of special interest not only
for their large content of total polyphenols, ranging from 4.94 to
6.22 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry material, but also for their
high content of natural antioxidants such as anthocyanins, according
to "Polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of colored soybean seeds from central europe" by Malenčić D, Cvejić J, Miladinović J.(77)
b. Hypolipidemic effects
In the
comprison of whether Monascus-fermented soybean extracts (MFSE)
enriched with bioactive mevinolins (natural statins) and aglycone
isoflavones (daidzein, glycitein,
and genistein) perform an additive hypolipidemic effect in
hyperlipidemic ratsand unfermented soybean extracts (UFSE), which have a
higher level of glucoside isoflavones (daidzin, glycitin, and
genistin) without mevinolin, found that treatment with both MFSE200 and
MFSE400 groups for 40 days significantly reduced the activities of
serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase by
averages of 35.6 and 43.2%, respectively, as compared to the high-fat
diet group (p < 0.01). The results indicate that MFSE performs a
more potent hypolipidemic action via improvement of the lipid profiles
and down-regulated HMG-CoA reductase activity than UFSE in
hyperlipidemic rats, according to "Hypolipidemic effects of Monascus-fermented soybean extracts in rats fed a high-fat and -cholesterol diet" by Pyo YH, Seong KS.(78)
c. Post-menopausal effects
found
that high-dose isoflavones is associated with improved QOL among women
who have become menopausal recently. Hence, the timing of isoflavone
supplementation with regards to the onset of menopause appears to be
important. The use of isoflavones, as an alternative to estrogen
therapy, may be potentially useful and seemingly safe in this group of
women who are looking for relief from menopausal symptoms, according to
"Effect of high-dose isoflavones on cognition, quality of life, androgens, and lipoprotein in post-menopausal women" by Basaria S, Wisniewski A, Dupree K, Bruno T, Song MY, Yao F, Ojumu A, John M, Dobs AS.(79)
Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(64) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22027055
(65) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22269864
(66) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12499631
(67) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf035354z
(68) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11726811
(69) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20420369
(70) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17923995
(71) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17562569
(72) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21375325
(73) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12710715
(74) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932588
(75) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20136443
(76) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19631195
(77) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861721
(78) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19697921
(79) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19411814
No comments:
Post a Comment