Sulphoraphane are phytochemicals in the class of Dithiolthiones, belonging to group of Organosulfides, found abundantly in broccoli, Brussels sprouts or cabbages, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Prostate cancer
In the investigation of the effects of Sulforaphane
(SFN) on DNA methylation status of cyclin D2 promoter, and how
alteration in promoter methylation impacts cyclin D2 gene expression in
LnCap cells, found that SFN significantly decreased the expression of
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), especially DNMT1 and DNMT3b.
Furthermore, SFN significantly decreased methylation in cyclin D2
promoter regions containing c-Myc and multiple Sp1 binding sites.
Reduced methlyation of cyclin D2 promoter corresponded to an increase
in cyclin D2 transcript levels, suggesting that SFN may de-repress
methylation-silenced cyclin D2 by impacting epigenetic pathways,
according to "Promoter de-methylation of cyclin D2 by sulforaphane in prostate cancer cells" by Hsu A, Wong CP, Yu Z, Williams DE, Dashwood RH, Ho E.(1)
2. Breast cancer
In the evaluation of sulforaphane,
a natural compound derived from broccoli/broccoli sprouts, for its
efficacy to inhibit breast CSCs and its potential mechanism, found that Sulforaphane inhibits breast CSCs and downregulates the Wnt/beta-catenin self-renewal pathway. These findings support the use of sulforaphane for the chemoprevention of breast cancer stem cells and warrant further clinical evaluation, according to "Sulforaphane, a dietary component of broccoli/broccoli sprouts, inhibits breast cancer stem cells" by Li Y, Zhang T, Korkaya H, Liu S, Lee HF, Newman B, Yu Y, Clouthier SG, Schwartz SJ, Wicha MS, Sun D.(2)
3. Aging and aging related diseases
In
the elucidating the modulatory role of nutrition in aging and
age-related disease development, indicated that nutrients can act as the
source of epigenetic modifications and can regulate the placement of
these modifications. Nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism,
namely folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, riboflavin, methionine, choline
and betaine, are involved in DNA methylation by regulating levels of
the universal methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine and methyltransferase
inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine. Other nutrients and bioactive food
components such as retinoic acid, resveratrol, curcumin, sulforaphane
and tea polyphenols can modulate epigenetic patterns by altering the
levels of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine or directing
the enzymes that catalyse DNA methylation and histone modifications,
according to "Nutritional influences on epigenetics and age-related disease" by Park LK, Friso S, Choi SW.(3)
4. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs)
In the delineation of a unique brain
endothelial phenotype in that MMP-9 secretion is increased upon phorbol
12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of HBMEC, indicated that Sulforaphane
(SFN), an isothiocyanate present in broccoli which exhibits
chemopreventive properties, selectively inhibited the secretion of MMP-9
but not that of MMP-2. The decrease in MMP-9 gene expression
correlated with a decrease in the expression of the mRNA stabilizing
factor HuR protein triggered by SFN. PMA-induced HBMEC migration was
also antagonized by SFN. Silencing of the MMP-9 gene inhibited
PMA-induced MMP-9 secretion, cell migration, and in vitro tubulogenesis
on Matrigel. While SFN inhibited the chemoattractive abilities of brain tumor-derived growth factors, it failed to inhibit PMA-induced tubulogenesis, according to "The diet-derived sulforaphane inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9-activated human brain microvascular endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis" by Annabi B, Rojas-Sutterlin S, Laroche M, Lachambre MP, Moumdjian R, Béliveau R.(4)
5. Oxidative stress
In the investigation of anti oxidative stress of Sulforaphane
[1-isothiocyanate-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane] is a natural dietary
isothiocyanate produced by the enzymatic action of the myrosinase on
glucopharanin, a 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate contained in
cruciferous vegetables of the genus Brassica such as broccoli, brussel
sprouts, and cabbage, found that Sulforaphane
is considered an indirect antioxidant; this compound is able to induce
many cytoprotective proteins, including antioxidant enzymes, through
the Nrf2-antioxidant response element pathway. Heme oxygenase-1,
NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase, glutathione-S-transferase,
gamma-glutamyl cysteine ligase, and glutathione reductase are among the
cytoprotective proteins induced by sulforaphane. In conclusion, sulforaphane
is a promising antioxidant agent that is effective to attenuate
oxidative stress and tissue/cell damage in different in vivo and in
vitro experimental paradigms, according to "Protective effect of sulforaphane against oxidative stress: Recent advances" by Guerrero-Beltrán CE, Calderón-Oliver M, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Chirino YI.(5)
6. Anti nephrotoxicity
In
the evaluation of whether SFN induces a cytoprotective effect on the
CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, found that The renoprotective effect of SFN
on CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with the attenuation in
oxidative/nitrosative stress and the preservation of antioxidant
enzymes, according to "Sulforaphane protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity"
by Guerrero-Beltrán CE, Calderón-Oliver M, Tapia E, Medina-Campos ON,
Sánchez-González DJ, Martínez-Martínez CM, Ortiz-Vega KM, Franco M,
Pedraza-Chaverri J.(6)
7. Liver protection
In the investigation of the effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on regulation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in liver injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), showed that SFN pretreatment attenuates liver injury induced by intestinal I/R in rats, attributable to the antioxidant effect through Nrf2-ARE pathway, according to "Sulforaphane protects liver injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion through Nrf2-ARE pathway" by Zhao HD, Zhang F, Shen G, Li YB, Li YH, Jing HR, Ma LF, Yao JH, Tian XF.(7)
8. Antibacterial Effects
In
the evaluation of the effects of various glucosinolate-derived
hydrolysis products (HP) as antibacterial compounds against
Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae isolated from intestinal
segments of healthy pigs collected directly from slaughter-houses in
the North of Portugal, found that the glucosinolates-derived HPs were
very effective in vitro inhibitors of bacterial growth. The natural
products, and specifically the isothiocyanates, should be evaluated as
potential alternative control agents for potentially pathogenic
bacteria (e.g., dietary amendment of pig foods with
glucosinolate-containing plants), according to "Antibacterial
Effects of Glucosinolate-Derived Hydrolysis Products Against
Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci Isolated from Pig Ileum Segments" by Saavedra MJ, Dias CS, Martinez-Murcia A, Bennett RN, Aires A, Rosa EA.(8)
9. Anti-inflammatory Effects
In the investigation of the anti-inflammatory effects of two dietary compounds, nobiletin (NBN) and sulforaphane
(SFN), in combination. Noncytotoxic concentrations of NBN, SFN, and
their combinations were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated
RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, indicated that low doses of NBN and SFN in
combination significantly suppressed LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1
mRNA levels and synergistically increased HO-1 mRNA levels. Overall,
our results demonstrated that NBN and SFN in combination produced
synergistic effects in inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7
cells, according to "Synergistic Anti-inflammatory Effects of Nobiletin and Sulforaphane in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells" by Guo S, Qiu P, Xu G, Wu X, Dong P, Yang G, Zheng J, McClements DJ, Xiao H.(9)
10. Hypertension
In the determination of whether the metabolite of glucoraphanin, sulforaphane,
was responsible for this improved blood pressure and whether this is
associated with normalization of renal methylated DNA, showed that Sulforaphane
administration rectified pathological abnormalities in SHRSP kidneys
and significantly improved blood pressure. This was associated with
normalization of global kidney DNA methylation suggesting that DNA
methylation could be associated with hypertension, according to "The dietary phase 2 protein inducer sulforaphane can normalize the kidney epigenome and improve blood pressure in hypertensive rats" by Senanayake GV, Banigesh A, Wu L, Lee P, Juurlink BH.(10)
11. Diabetic symptoms
In
the determination of whether dietary compounds targeting NFE2-related
factor 2 (Nrf2) activation used to attenuate renal damage and preserve
renal function during the course of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced
diabetic nephropathy, showed that SF or CA significantly attenuated
common metabolic disorder symptoms associated with diabetes in
Nrf2(+/+) but not in Nrf2(-/-) mice, indicating SF and CA function
through specific activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, SF or CA
improved renal performance and minimized pathological alterations in
the glomerulus of STZ-Nrf2(+/+) mice. Nrf2 activation reduced oxidative
damage and suppressed the expression of TGF-β1, extracellular matrix
proteins and p21 both in vivo and in HRMCs. In addition, Nrf2
activation reverted p21-mediated growth inhibition and hypertrophy of
HRMCs under hyperglycemic conditions, according to "Therapeutic potential of Nrf2 activators in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy" by Zheng H, Whitman SA, Wu W, Wondrak GT, Wong PK, Fang D, Zhang DD.(11)
12. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303414
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20388854
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22051144
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18435488
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21129940
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913604
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20572303
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22356572
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335189
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22052072
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22025779
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