Allyl isothiocyanate is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in horseradish, mustard, wasabi, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Brain Cancer
In
the investigation of that AITC significantly decreased proliferation
and viability of human brain malignant glioma GBM 8401 cells in a
dose-dependent manner with IC50 9.25+/-0.69 microM for 24 h-treatment,
showed that Pretreatment with specific inhibitors of caspase-3
(Z-DEVE-FMK) and -9 (Z-LEHD-FMK) significantly reduced caspase-3 and -9
activity in GBM 8401 cells. Western blot analysis and colorimetric
assays also displayed that AITC caused a time-dependent increase in
cytosolic cytochrome c, pro-caspase-9, Apaf-1, AIF, Endo G and the
stimulated caspase-9 and -3 activity. Our results suggest that AITC is a
potent anti-human brain malignant glioma drug and it shows a
remarkable action on cell cycle arrest before commitment for apoptosis
is reached, according to "Allyl isothiocyanate
triggers G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in human brain malignant
glioma GBM 8401 cells through a mitochondria-dependent pathway' by Chen NG, Chen KT, Lu CC, Lan YH, Lai CH, Chung YT, Yang JS, Lin YC.(1)
2. Bladder cancer
Urinary
concentrations of AITC equivalent are at least ten times higher than
in the plasma, and tissue levels of AITC equivalent in the urinary
bladder were 14-79 times higher than in other organs after oral AITC
administration to rats. AITC may be most effective in the bladder as a
cancer chemopreventive compound. AITC at high-dose levels also exhibit a
low degree of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in animal studies, but
such adverse effects are unlikely in humans exposed to dietary levels
of AITC. Overall, AITC exhibits many desirable attributes of a cancer
chemopreventive agent, and further studies are warranted in order to
elucidate its mechanism of action and to assess its protective activity
in humans, according to "Allyl isothiocyanate as a cancer chemopreventive phytochemical" by Zhang Y.(2)
3. Antimicrobial effects
In the investigation of the antimicrobial effect of a chitosan coating+allyl isothiocyanate
(AIT) and nisin against Salmonella on whole fresh cantaloupes, showed
that The same coating treatment completely inactivated mold and yeast on
cantaloupe at day 1 and no regrowth occurred even up to 14days of
storage. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cell membrane damage
and leakage of intercellular components occurred as a result of the
chitosan-AIT coating treatments. No visual changes in overall appearance
and color of cantaloupe rind and flesh due to coating treatments were
observed. These results indicate that the application of an
antimicrobial coating may be an effective method for decontamination of
cantaloupes, according to "Inactivation of Salmonella on whole cantaloupe by application of an antimicrobial coating containing chitosan and allyl isothiocyanate" by Chen W, Jin TZ, Gurtler JB, Geveke DJ, Fan X.(3)
4. Stress response
In
the examination of the effects of AITC on heat shock protein (HSP) 70
expression in Caenorhabditis elegans and factors affecting the
production of AITC from its precursor, sinigrin, a glucosinolate, in
ground Brassica juncea cv. Vulcan seed as mustard has some potential as a
biopesticide, found that AITC induced toxicity in C. elegans, as
measured by HSP70 expression.• Conditions required for the conversion
of sinigrin to AITC in ground B. juncea seed were determined.• The use
of C. elegans as a bioassay to test AITC or mustard biopesticide
efficacy is discussed, according to "Allyl isothiocyanate induced stress response in Caenorhabditis elegans" by Saini AK, Tyler RT, Shim YY, Reaney MJ.(4)
5. Anti cancers
In
the review of whether AITC arrests human bladder cancer cells in
mitosis and also induces apoptosis, suggested that AITC induced
mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis, as shown by cytochrome c release from
mitochondria to cytoplasm, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and
formation of TUNEL-positive cells. Inhibition of caspase-9 blocked
AITC-induced apoptosis. Moreover, we found that apoptosis induction by
AITC depended entirely on mitotic arrest and was mediated via Bcl-2
phosphorylation at Ser-70. Pre-arresting cells in G(1) phase by
hydroxyurea abrogated both AITC-induced mitotic arrest and Bcl-2
phosphorylation. Overexpression of a Bcl-2 mutant prevented AITC from
inducing apoptosis, according to "Allyl isothiocyanate arrests cancer cells in mitosis, and mitotic arrest in turn leads to apoptosis via Bcl-2 protein phosphorylation' by Geng F, Tang L, Li Y, Yang L, Choi KS, Kazim AL, Zhang Y.(5)
6. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of the underlying mechanisms of the potential anti-inflammatory properties of allyl-isothiocyanate
(AITC) were analysed in vitro and in vivo, showed that 1. AITC was
slightly less potent than sulforaphane (used as a positive control) in
down-regulating inflammation in LPS stimulated macrophages. A
significant increase in nuclear Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 gene
expression and only a moderate down-regulation of interleukin 1β and
microRNA-155 levels due to AITC was found in mouse liver. Present data
suggest that AITC exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in cultured
macrophages in vitro but has only relatively little anti-inflammatory
activity in mice in vivo, according to "Anti-inflammatory potential of allyl-isothiocyanate-role of Nrf2, NFκB and microRNA-155" by Wagner AE, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Dose J, Schultheiss G, Rimbach G.(6)
7. Colorectal Cancer
In
the study conducted by Department of Biology, Science Centre, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, AITC was shown to inhibit the
proliferation of human metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma SW620 cells
in vitro by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, according to
"Allyl isothiocyanate induces G2/M arrest in human colorectal adenocarcinoma SW620 cells through down-regulation of Cdc25B and Cdc25C" by Lau WS, Chen T, Wong YS.(7)
8. Prostate cancer
In the demonstartion of that allyl isothiocyanate
(AITC), a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, significantly
inhibits proliferation of cultured PC-3 (androgen-independent) and
LNCaP (androgen-dependent) human prostate cancer cells in a
dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) of approximately 15-17 micro M,
found that A significant reduction in the expression of cyclin B1
protein (approximately 45%) was observed only in LNCaP cells. A 24 h
exposure of PC-3 and LNCaP cells to an apoptosis-inducing concentration
of AITC (20 micro M) resulted in a significant decrease (31-68%) in
the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in both cell lines, and
approximately 58% reduction in Bcl-X(L) protein expression in LNCaP
cells. In conclusion, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that AITC, and
possibly other ITCs, may find use in the treatment of human prostate
cancers, according to "Allyl isothiocyanate,
a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, inhibits proliferation of
human prostate cancer cells by causing G2/M arrest and inducing
apoptosis" by Xiao D, Srivastava SK, Lew KL, Zeng Y, Hershberger P, Johnson CS, Trump DL, Singh SV.(8)
9. Health benefits
In the research of nutritional significance of parent glucosinolate sinigrin 50 μmol/kg b. w./day and its degradation product allyl isothiocyanate
25 μmol/kg b. w./day and 50 μmol/kg b. w./day for their influence on
some parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in an animal rat
model in vivo after their single (4 h) and 2 weeks oral administration,
showed that the effect of SIN and AITC is multidirectional, indicating
its impact on many organs like liver as well as pancreas, intestine in
vivo action and rat adipocytes in vitro. Whilst consumption of
cruciferous vegetables at levels currently considered "normal" seems to
be beneficial to human health, this data suggest that any large
increase in intake could conceivably lead to undesirable effect. This
effect is potentiated with time of action of the examined compounds,
whose influence is rather adverse for the majority of metabolic
pathways, according to "Multidirectional time-dependent effect of sinigrin and allyl isothiocyanate on metabolic parameters in rats" by Okulicz M.(9)
10. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
In
the investigation of the effects of AITC (dose=20 mg/kg body weight/day
for 10 days, subcutaneous: s.c.) on the number of WBCs (total WBCs,
lymphocytes, monocyte, neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil) and plasma
corticosterone concentrations in adult male rats, showed that
administration of AITC decreased significantly the number of total WBCs
on days 1-4 post s.c. injection by 25-27%. AITC also decreased the
number of lymphocytes on days 1-10 by 21-36% and monocyte on days 1-8
by 28-78%. However, administration of AITC increased the number of
neutrophil on days 8-10 by 61-112%. AITC did not change the number of
eosinophil and basophil. Plasma corticosterone concentrations during
the experimental period were 4.7-8.4 times significantly higher in the
AITC group than in the control group, indicating that AITC induced
stress-responses, according to "Allyl isothiocyanate-induced changes in the distribution of white blood cells in rats" by Imaizumi K, Sato S, Sakakibara Y, Mori S, Ohkuma M, Kawashima Y, Ban T, Sasaki H, Tachiyashiki K.(10)
11. Liver cancer
In the investigation of the possible protective effect of allyl isothiocyanate
(AITC) in nitrite- and nitrosamine-treated human hepatoma cells
(HepG2) with the evaluation by cytotoxic effects and genotoxic effects
determined by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), showed that Allyl isothiocyanate
treatment enhanced cell viability and reduced intracellular reactive
oxygen species (ROS) production in both nitrite- and nitrosamine-treated
cells significantly. In SCGE, when compared to untreated control
cells, all of the treated groups caused increases in the tail intensity
(%) such as nitrite at 17%, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at 279%,
N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) at 324%, and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) at
288%, according to "Effect of allyl isothiocyanate
(AITC) in both nitrite- and nitrosamine-induced cell death, production
of reactive oxygen species, and DNA damage by the single-cell gel
electrophoresis (SCGE): does it have any protective effect on HepG2
cells?" by Erkekoğlu P, Baydar T.(11)
12. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20596632
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960458
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361025
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093285
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778226
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21692985
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21472349
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771033
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809411
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686346
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448263
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