Alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine-S-oxide) is
a phytochemical compound sulfoxide,. a derivative of the amino acid
cysteine, belonging to the class of sulfur compounds, found abundantly
in fresh garlic and onion.
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidant properties
In the investigation of the antioxidant properties of garlic compounds representing the four main chemical classes, alliin, allyl cysteine, allyl disulfide, and allicin, prepared by chemical synthesis or purification, showed that Alliin
scavenged superoxide, while allyl cysteine and allyl disulfide did not
react with superoxide. Allicin suppressed the formation of superoxide
by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, probably via a thiol exchange
mechanism. Alliin,
allyl cysteine, and allyl disulfide all scavenged hydroxyl radicals;
the rate constants calculated based on deoxyribose competitive assay
were 1.4-1.7 x 10(10), 2.1-2.2 x 10(9), and 0.7-1.5 x 10(10) M (1)
second(1), respectively, according to "The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide" by Chung LY.(1)
2. Anti diabetes
In comparison of the production and therapeutic efficiency of alliin extracted from garlic leaves of plants grown under ex situ and in situ conditions, found that Alliin
production noted ~50% enhancement in leaves from plants grown under in
situ conditions. Serum glucose, triglycerides, total lipids, total
cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-, and very low-density
lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol in diabetic rats treated with alliin
produced from in situ grown plants noted significant reduction of
~54%, 15%, 14%, 20%, 24%, and 15%, while 35%, 14%, 10%, 12%, 17% and
11% reduction was noted in diabetic rats treated with alliin
produced from ex situ grown plants in comparison with those
administered with distilled water. High-density lipoprotein
(HDL)-cholesterol did not show any significant change. Leaf extract of
plants lowered serum enzyme levels (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate
aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) toward the norm better
than glibenclamide, according to "Alliin
obtained from leaf extract of garlic grown under in situ conditions
possess higher therapeutic potency as analyzed in alloxan-induced
diabetic rats" by Nasim SA, Dhir B, Kapoor R, Fatima S, Mahmooduzzafar, Mujib A.(2)
3. Antibacterial activity
In
the investigation of an antimicrobial sulfur compound newly isolated
from heated garlic extract, showed that the compound was
CH₂=CH-CH₂-S-S-S-CH₂-CH(NH₂)COOH, 3-(allyltrisulfanyl)-2-aminopropanoic
acid, a derivative of cysteine, presumably derived from alliin
(S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide). This novel compound has comparatively
potent anti-yeast activity and rather weak antibacterial activity,
similar to other antimicrobial compounds in garlic, according to "3-(allyltrisulfanyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid, a novel nonvolatile water-soluble antimicrobial sulfur compound in heated garlic" by Kang SS, Lim DR, Kyung KH.(3)
4. Ovarian cancer
In
the investigation of a chemical conjugate between daidzein and the
garlic enzyme alliinase and its effect on human ovarian cancer cells,
suggest that the targeted alliinase conjugates in the presence of alliin,
generated therapeutically effective levels of allicin which were
capable of suppressing tumor progression of intraperitoneal ovarian
cancer in an animal model, according to "Conjugates of daidzein-alliinase as a targeted pro-drug enzyme system against ovarian carcinoma" by Appel E, Rabinkov A, Neeman M, Kohen F, Mirelman D.(4)
5. Mitochondrial dysfunction
In
the evaluation of the preventive role of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide
(SACS) in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity in male Wistar
rats, showed that oral administration of SACS for a period of 35 days to
the normal control rats did not show any significant effect.
Histopathological studies of the myocardial tissue showed a protective
role of SACS in the myocardial-infarcted rats. The effect at a dose of
SACS 80 mg/kg was more effective than the dose 40 mg/kg. The results of
the study conclude that SACS protect the mitochondria of the
ISO-induced myocardial-infarcted rats, according to 'Preventive effect of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide (Alliin)
on mitochondrial dysfunction in normal and isoproterenol induced
cardiotoxicity in male Wistar rats: a histopathological study" by Sangeetha T, Darlin Quine S.(5)
6. Anti-fungal efficacy
In
the evaluation of the in vitro anti-fungal efficacy of the active
principle of garlic, pure allicin and polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA)
nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with allicin.
found that that pure allicin has stronger in vitro anti-fungal efficacy to six tested fungi than alliinase and alliin.
Moreover, it has improved significantly after pure allicin being
wrapped into PBCA NP, which may be due to the NP's good prolonged
release effect and nano-scale dimensions, according to "Anti-fungal efficacy of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles of allicin and comparison with pure allicin" by Luo DQ, Guo JH, Wang FJ, Jin ZX, Cheng XL, Zhu JC, Peng CQ, Zhang C.(6)
7. Antithrombotic and anticancer effects
In
the review of modern scientific research has revealed that the wide
variety of dietary and medicinal functions of garlic can be attributed
to the sulfur compounds present in or generated from garlic, indicated
that although garlic produces more than 20 kinds of sulfide compounds
from a few sulfur-containing amino acids, their functions are different
from one another; e.g., allicin, methyl allyl trisulfide, and diallyl
trisulfide have antibacterial, antithrombotic, and anticancer
activities, respectively, according to "Antithrombotic and anticancer effects of garlic-derived sulfur compounds: a review" by Ariga T, Seki T. (7)
8. Anti-angiogenesis
In the demonstartion of dose-dependent of Alliin,
a compound derived from garlic, in inhibition of fibroblast growth
factor-2 (FGF2)-induced human endothelial cell (EC) tube formation and
angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, showed
that these data indicated a synergistic effect of antioxidants on the
anti-angiogenesis and anticancer efficacy of alliin. These data also suggest the implication of cellular NO and p53 as mediators of anti-angiogenesis and anticancer effects of alliin, according to "Anti-angiogenesis efficacy of the garlic ingredient alliin and antioxidants: role of nitric oxide and p53" by Mousa AS, Mousa SA.(8)
9. Serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness
in
the testing the effect of dried garlic (Allium sativum) powder on blood
lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in a 12-week randomised,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Seventy-five healthy,
normo-lipidaemic volunteers (men and women aged 40-60 years) were
assigned to dried garlic powder tablets (10.8 mg alliin
(3-(2-propenylsulfinyl)-L-alanine)/d, corresponding to about three
garlic cloves) or placebo, showed that garlic powder was associated with
a near-significant decrease (12 %) in triacylglycerol concentration
(P=0.07). In conclusion, garlic powder tablets have no clinically
relevant lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering effects in
middle-aged, normo-lipidaemic individuals. The putative
anti-atherosclerotic effect of garlic may be linked to risk markers
other than blood lipids, according to "Effect
of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood
pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers: a
randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial" by Turner B, Mølgaard C, Marckmann P.(9)
10. Hepatoprotective effect
In the study of the interaction of the non-protein amino acid alliin with the enzyme alliinase (alliin
lyase, EC 4.4.1.4). D-Galactosamine highly sensitizes the host
response of the experimental animal to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)
and causes fulminant hepatitis within 8h after administration,
indicated that In D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide
(D-GalN/LPS)-induced hepatitis rats, a significant increase of lipid
peroxidation and decreased liver antioxidant enzyme levels are
observed. Pretreatment with allicin, the active component of freshly
crushed garlic cloves, prevented these alterations, according to "Hepatoprotective effect of allicin on tissue defense system in galactosamine/endotoxin challenged rats" by Vimal V, Devaki T.(10)
11. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16822206
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21391887
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20828317
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678009
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262997
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105898
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16823096
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16351512
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15522140
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14698523
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