Obesity and Pancreatitis

A. Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

B. How to calculate your BMI index
BMI= weight (kg)/ height (m2)

C. Pancreatitis is defined as a condition of inflammation of the pancreas as its no longer function normally in secreting digestive juices, or enzymes. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic.

D. How Obesity associates with Pancreatitis
1. According to the abstract of the study of "Influence of obesity on the severity and clinical outcome of acute pancreatitis" by Shin KY, Lee WS, Chung DW, Heo J, Jung MK, Tak WY, Kweon YO, Cho CM, posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that When compared with normal patients (BMI 18.5 to 22.9), all categories with a BMI ≥23 had an increased risk of developing a severe form of acute pancreatitis (p=0.003) and all categories with a BMI ≥25 significantly predicted severity (p<0.001). Patients with class 1 obesity (BMI 25 to 29.9) developed significantly more systemic and metabolic complications and concluded that Overweightedness and obesity were found to be associated with a higher risk of developing severe pancreatitis. Further studies are needed to establish the precise prognostic value of obesity in members of the population with low BMIs.

2. In a study of "The impact of obesity on the course and outcome of acute pancreatitis" by Abu Hilal M, Armstrong T., posted in PubMed, researchers filed the conclusion that This has led to proposed modifications of acute pancreatitis scoring systems to include obesity as an independent primary predictive factor of severe disease. Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state, which may predispose obese patients to such complications. Furthermore, visceral obesity and visceral adipose tissue may be particularly important in underlying the pathophysiology of these observations.

3. In another study of "Obesity: a risk factor for severe acute biliary and alcoholic pancreatitis" by Suazo-Baráhona J, Carmona-Sánchez R, Robles-Díaz G, Milke-García P, Vargas-Vorácková F, Uscanga-Domínguez L, Peláez-Luna M., posted in PubMed, researchers filed the result that Prevalence of obesity was 57%. Thirty-eight percent of the obese patients developed complications as compared with 21% of the nonobese (RR=1.74; 95% CI, 1-2.9). The risk for severe AP increased according to the degree of obesity. Pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis was more common in obese patients (17.6% vs 6%), as was the incidence of infectious complications. The risk for severe AP was highest in obese patients with either alcoholic (RR=5.3; 95% CI, 1.2-23) or biliary etiology (RR=5.2, 95% CI, 1-26).

4. According to the abstract of the study of "Obesity: an important prognostic factor in acute pancreatitis" by Funnell IC, Bornman PC, Weakley SP, Terblanche J, Marks IN., posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that obesity had a sensitivity of 63 per cent and a specificity of 95 per cent for predicting disease severity. When five obese women with gallstone pancreatitis were excluded, the sensitivity of obesity increased to 86 per cent. Severe pancreatitis occurred in all eight obese patients with disease of an alcoholic aetiology. These data suggest that increased fat deposits in the peripancreatic and retroperitoneal spaces in obese patients may increase the risk of peripancreatic fat necrosis, abscess and death. Consideration should be given to including obesity as a prognostic factor in acute pancreatitis.

5. In the study of "Experimental evidence of obesity as a risk factor for severe acute pancreatitis" by Frossard JL, Lescuyer P, Pastor CM., posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that Several hypotheses have been suggested: (1) obese patients have an increased inflammation within the pancreas; (2) obese patients have an increased accumulation of fat within and around the pancreas where necrosis is often located; (3) increase in both peri- and intra-pancreatic fat and inflammatory cells explain the high incidence of pancreatic inflammation and necrosis in obese patients; (4) hepatic dysfunction associated with obesity might enhance the systemic inflammatory response by altering the detoxification of inflammatory mediators; and (5) ventilation/perfusion mismatch leading to hypoxia associated with a low pancreatic flow might reduce the pancreatic oxygenation and further enhance pancreatic injury. Recent experimental investigations also show an increased mortality and morbidity in obese rodents with acute pancreatitis and the implication of the adipokines leptin and adiponectin. Such models are important to investigate whether the inflammatory response of the disease is enhanced by obesity. It is exciting to speculate that manipulation of the adipokine milieu has the potential to influence the severity of acute pancreatitis.

6. Etc.

E. Treatments of Obesity and Pancreatitis
1, In the abstract of the study of "The influence of dietary restriction on the development of diabetes and pancreatitis in female WBN/Kob-fatty rats" by Akimoto T, Terada M, Shimizu A, Sawai N, Ozawa H., posted in PubMed, researchers stated that pathological changes of the pancreas were observed in female fatty rats. All female fatty rats showed severe interlobular, intra-lobular and intra-islet fibrosis. In female fatty rats of the restricted feeding group, pathological changes of the pancreas were milder those of the free-feeding fatty group. Although dietary restriction could not completely prevent pancreatitis in female fatty rats, the development of diabetes was inhibited by its reduction of the severity of pancreatitis.

2. According to the study of "Fat replacement of the malignant pancreatic tissue after neoadjuvant therapy" by Makay O, Kazimi M, Aydin U, Nart D, Yilmaz F, Zeytunlu M, Goker E, Coker A., posted in PubMed, researchers found that The tissue pathology revealed lipomatosis of the pancreas. He was disease-free and symptom-free at 1 year follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of pancreatic head carcinoma with total fat replacement of the pancreas after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

3. In the study of "Pancreatic surgery" by Hines OJ, Reber HA., posted in PubMed, researcher indicated that Recent evidence suggests that obese patients with pancreatic cancer appear to have more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis and a worse outcome following resection. The issues surrounding adjuvant treatment for pancreatic cancer with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy continue to be evaluated....... and summarized that each year more is learned about the natural history of pancreatic lesion. For those dedicated to the study and treatment of this gland, several new advances help the clinician with treatment decisions.

4. Etc.
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