Dementia
About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some
form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that
age.
Dementia is the loss of mental ability that is severe enough to
interfere with
people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of
dementia
in aging people. American typical diet contains high amount of saturated
and trans fat, artificial ingredients with less fruits and vegetable
which can lead to dementia and other kind of diseases
I. Causes of Dementia
F. Environment toxin causes of Dementia
Certain environment toxins produced as a result of
industrialization or naturally have been linked to cognitive
degenerative diseases. Researchers at the University of British Columbia
in the investugation of Novel environmental toxins: steryl glycosides as a potential etiological factor for age-related neurodegenerative diseases, showed that Mice fed washed cycad flour show signs that mimic ALS-PDC, which include
progressive deficits in motor, cognitive, and olfactory functions
associated with neuron loss in the spinal cord, nigrostriatal system,
cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb. Through a series of chemical
extractions of washed cycad flour, we identified steryl glycoside
molecules as bioactive molecules that are neurotoxic in culture and in
mice. A detailed review of this class of molecule revealed that the
molecules are abundant in the environment,
particularly in plants and bacteria. Lipid analysis showed that some
bacteria that are associated with some forms of neurodegenerative
disorders have the capacity to synthesize steryl glycosides.
Furthermore, certain steryl glycosides have been found to be a cell
stress mediator and may have some immunomodulary effects.(1). Others researchers showed that Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease
(AD), are of purely genetic origin in a minority of cases and appear
in most instances to arise through interactions among genetic and
environmental factors and early environmental origins of neurodegenerative disease in later life(2).
1. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) an
industrial chemicals used commercially 1929 and ended in the United
States in the 1970s for the manufacturing of electrical equipment, heat
exchangers, hydraulic systems, etc. The researchers at the Emory
University showed that sex-specific analyses revealed that women had an
excess of amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (SMR-2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-4.15;
10 deaths). Furthermore, among highly exposed women (defined by a
job-exposure matrix), we found an excess of Parkinson disease (SMR-2.95; 95% CI = 1.08-6.42; 6 deaths) and dementia (SMR-2.04; 95% CI = 1.12-3.43; 14 deaths)(3). Other study suggested Chronic inhalation of low chlorinated PCBs
that involved elevated blood levels was associated with a subtle
attenuation of emotional well-being and attentional function. Extended
research is needed to replicate the potential long-term low PCB effects
in a larger sample.(4)
2. Pesticides
Pesticides is the substances used in preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. In the study to exposure to pesticides
could be related to central nervous system disorders in a prospective
cohort study of 1,507 French elderly (1992-1998), suggested the presence
of neurologic impairments in elderly persons who were exposed
occupationally to pesticides(5). Other study of 917 subjects interviewed from February 1997 to August 1998, 528 were directly exposed to pesticides
through mixing and/or spraying (mean exposure duration: 22 years), 173
were indirectly exposed through contact with treated plants, and 216
were never exposed, concluded that long-term cognitive effects of low-level exposure to pesticides in occupational conditions.(6)
3. Cyanobacterial toxins
Cyanobacterial toxins produced by bacteria cyanobacteria have been linked to neurodegemerative disorders. Researchers at Laboratoire
de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire in the study suggested that
yanobacterial massive proliferation is of public concern regarding the
capacity of certain cyanobacterial strains to produce hepatotoxic and
neurotoxic compounds that can affect public health, human activities and
wild and stock animals. The cholinergic synapses and voltage-gated
sodium channels constitute the targets of choice of cyanobacterial
neurotoxins. Anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a are agonists of nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors. Anatoxin-a(s) is an irreversible inhibitor of
acetylcholinesterase. Saxitoxin, kalkitoxin and jamaicamide are blockers
of voltage-gated sodium channels, whereas antillatoxin is an activator
of such channels. Moreover the neurotoxic amino acid
l-beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine was shown to be produced by diverse
cyanobacterial taxa(7)
4. Mixtures of organic solvents
In the study to assess the applicability of the World Health Organization (WHO)
Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery (NCTB) of 53 male and 29
female Venezuelan workers exposed to mixtures of organic
solvents in an adhesive factory, and 56 male and 11 female workers
unexposed to any type of neurotoxic chemical, research team at
University of Carabobo found that Compared to the nonexposed, the
exposed subjects demonstrated an
increased frequency of subjective symptoms of fatigue, difficulties with
memory, confusion, paresthesias in upper and lower extremities, and
sleep disturbances(8)
5. Dioxins and heavy metals
In the study to evaluate the roles of dioxins and heavy metals in cancer and neurological diseases, suggested that Dioxins exert
their toxic actions by acting on phase I and phase II enzymes, such as
cytochromes P450, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase,
promoting cell proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis, affecting
cancer homeostasis and neuronal function. Heavy metals manifest
cytotoxic effects in various cells and tissues, and tight regulation of
metals is essential to the health of organisms. Cadmium modulates gene
expression and signal transduction and reduces activities of proteins
involved in antioxidant defense, interfering with DNA repair and
modifying cancer development and brain function. Cobalt provokes
generation of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in cancer cells and
brain tissues, altering proliferation and differentiation and causing
apoptosis. Copper is a key metal in cell division processes in both
normal and tumor cells. Copper also has been shown to have an important
role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.(9)
6. Asbestos
There are report that Asbestos has been kinked to Alzheimer disease. 10 cases in which an asbestos-related disease (malignant pleural mesothelioma or asbestosis) was associated with severe Alzheimer type lesions in the brain(10)
7. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149752
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140633
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16357589
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236166
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12615605
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11564621
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19660486
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7900732
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696237
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3957626
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