Common Types of Free Radicals That Cause Oxidation and Cytotoxicity, You May Not Know

By Kyle J. Norton

Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. As oxidants or reductants, they can donate or accept an electron from other molecules to exhibit chain and domino's effects.

They may have positive, negative or zero charges. 

The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive in the human body, leading to aging and cancers.

However, injection of free radicals into cancer cells may induce cells death and inhibit tumor proliferation.

These results suggested that free radicals have a duo function in mediated cellular processes. On one hand, they cause alternation of DNA of healthy cells into cancerous cells. On the other hand, free radical can cause apoptosis of cancer cells through cytotoxicity(1).

Some researchers went even further to suggest that free radical such as H2O2 signaling pathway plays an essential role in the creation of a bridge between insulin receptor and mitochondrial function in neurons(1)

And, overexpression of antioxidant caused by intake of supplementation can also be dangerous to signaling role in cells(2) and increase risk motility(3). For example, integral mitochondrial Manganese superoxide dismutase µMnSOD) protein possesses peroxidase activity when the enzyme is overexpressed in mitochondria(2).

Most common Types of Free radical include
1. Hydroxyl radical (OH•)
The hydroxyl radical is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OH–). It is produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) by the reaction of an elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline energy state molecular oxygen with water.
The hydroxyl radical is highly reactive and has a very short in vivo half-life of approx. 10−9 s This makes it a very dangerous compound to the organism. Hydroxyl radical cannot be eliminated by an enzymatic reaction and can damage virtually all types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids (mutations), lipids (lipid peroxidation) and amino acids, that makes it a very dangerous compound to shorten the lifespan of a human being.

2. Superoxide anion radical (O2–•)
A superoxide anion is a compound that possesses an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge with the chemical formula O2− with one unpaired electron, leading to the generating of superoxide anion free radical.
Mutations in the gene coding for the NADPH oxidase cause immune deficiency chronic granulomatous disease, leading to extreme susceptibility to infection and pathogenesis of many diseases, including aging.


3. Singlet oxygen
Singlet oxygen is the common name used for the diamagnetic form of molecular oxygen (O2), which is less stable than the normal triplet oxygen. In the biological study, species, Singlet oxygen causes oxidation of LDL-cholesterol and resultant cardiovascular effects.

Since singlet oxygen with activation by light can produce severe photosensitivity of skin, leading to skin defects.

4. Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the simplest peroxide, a clear liquid, slightly more viscous than water, that appears colorless in dilute solution. 

It is considered a highly reactive oxygen species because of its strong oxidizing capacity.

A study published in Nature found that hydrogen peroxide plays a role in the immune system by signaling the white blood cells to converge on the site of damage. The process leads to white blood cells did not accumulate at the site of damage, but somewhere else if the gene in the production of hydrogen peroxide is altered, causing higher levels of hydrogen peroxide and white blood cells in their lungs accumulation in the lung than healthy people.

5. Lipid peroxyl free radical
Lipid peroxidation is a process in which free radicals steal electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, most often affecting polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in damaging to the cell membrane, which consists mainly of lipids, because of chain reaction after initial oxidating by producing even more lipid peroxyl free radicals if not bought under controlled fast enough.

6. Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide is a chemical compound with chemical formula NO. Even though low levels of NO production are important in protecting the liver from ischemic damage and contribute to proper smooth muscle contraction and growth, but its free radical and toxic nature can cause DNA damage and inflammation.

7. Alkoxyl radical
Alkoxyl radical which is an alkyl (carbon and hydrogen chain) group singular bonded to oxygen can result in cellular damage caused by oxyfluorfen, a herbicide.

8. Peroxynitrite
Peroxynitrite is the anion with the formula ONOO−reacted quickly with carbon dioxide, leading to forming of carbonate and nitrogen dioxide radicals.

If the two radicals do not recombine to form carbon dioxide and nitrate, they can cause peroxynitrite-related cellular damage.

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Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Recognition of Functional Roles of Free Radicals by István Bókkon(PMC)

(2) The peroxidase activity of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Biol. by Ansenberger-Fricano K, Silva Ganini DD, Mao M, Chatterjee S, Dallas S, Mason RP, Stadler K, Santos JH, Bonini MG(PubMed)

(3)  The neglected significance of "antioxidative stress".by Poljsak B, Milisav I (PubMed)

The Veggies That Inhibit Advanced Glycation End Products in Induction of Diabetic Vascular Complications

Kyle J. Norton, Scholar, Master of Nutrition


Conventional medicine has tried for years to synthesize the effect of many herbal plants' for treatment of diseases, since the discovered of penicillin the first antibiotic extracted from a very primitive plant, the fungus Penicillium, in 1928, used for treatment of infection.

However, the findings has drawn many criticism, as single ingredient isolated from herb through synthetic version for patent right and commercial profit has induced someserious side effect.

Some researchers suggested that by using single ingredient to treat one ailment, conventional medicine may exhibit several side effect and conditions if such medicine are taken in the long term.

According to traditional Chinese medicine, the single and synthetic version of conventional medicine are so powerful, long term intake may cause damage to the kidney such as antibiotics, diuretics,....
 and liver, such as statins, antibiotics......

According to Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, long-term use of some high blood pressure drugs associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women(8).

But many researchers have raised question of herbal quality, because geographic differences, time of grown and harvest, etc. may effect their's potency.

 Cruciferous vegetables consumption regularly may be beneficiary in reduced risk of diabetic vascular complications, some scientists suggested.

Cruciferous vegetables are the group of vegetables belongings to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy,.... and broccoli.

Diabetic vascular complications are caused by diverse group of highly oxidant compounds(advanced glycation end(AGEs) produced by modern heat-processed diet, inducing pathogenic significance in diabetes and several other chronic diseases.

Patients with diabetes are associated to intense levels of advanced glycation end products. The toxic substance accumulated over time may have significantly damage effect in  host organs and tissue, as aging progress.

In some cases, the toxins can cause death to the host.

Some researchers suggested that accumulated advanced glycation end products also consisted a strong implication in escalated aging process.

According to the Dr. JAIME URIBARRI, MD and colleagues at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, "The formation of new dAGEs during cooking was prevented by the AGE inhibitory compound aminoguanidine and significantly reduced by cooking with moist heat, using shorter cooking times, cooking at lower temperatures, and by use of acidic ingredients such as lemon juice or vinegar".

Due to its complex association to oxidative stress in aging population, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have also strong implication  in induction of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer disease.

Diabetes is a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream in regulation of  glucose.

The disease is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol.

Long term uncontrolled diabetes may cause complications that can lead to renal failure and cardiovascular events.


Dr, Yamagishi S, the lead author said, " the Inhibition of AGE formation, blockade of the AGE-RAGE interaction, and suppression of RAGE expression or its downstream pathways may be novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of vascular complications in diabetes"

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) interaction with RAGE stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly through the activity of NADPH oxidases, a membrane-bound enzyme with function in induction of ROS expression.

Some researchers insisted that diabetic vascular complications may be blocked if food-advanced glycation end products aggravated diabetic vascular complications can be modulated via the RAGE receptors in removal of AGE.

According to the Kurume University School of Medicine, sulphoraphane, a phytochemical compound found in cruciferous vegetables showed a potential effect against diabetic vascular complications, through its interference of pro inflammatory reaction, reduction of oxidate stress.

In other words, application of sulforaphane exerted an inhibition of RAGE function in decreased DNA synthesis, apoptotic cell death in the host by increased monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 messenger RNA levels in protection against pro inflammatory exertion in pericytes, the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules.

These efficacy was found in  cultured cells and experimental animals.

In vivo and vitro, sulforaphane suppressed inflammatory activation of vascular cells, induced potential beneficial effects to prevent vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis complication of diabetics.

Also. intake of cruciferous vegetables may reduce risk of diabetic vascular complication as sulphoraphane, a phytochemical compound in cruciferous vegetables not only inhibited the levels of advanced glycation end but also enhanced the production of Nrf2 in controlling of over 500 genes expression of cellular defense mechanisms.

The nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor with function that activates the natural antioxidant enzymes found in the host tissue in response to oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress is an indication imbalance of the ratio of the levels of antioxidants and free radical in the host body.

Therefore, in prevention of diabetic vascular complications, people with diabetes may want to add a portion of cruciferous vegetables into their daily diet.

Intake of sulforaphane supplement should be taken with extreme care, as acute liver toxicity may be induced if overdose.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Kyle J. Norton, Scholar, Scholar, Master of Nutrition
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Protective role of sulphoraphane against vascular complications in diabetes by Yamagishi S1, Matsui T1.(PubMed)
(2) Agents that block advanced glycation end product (AGE)-RAGE (receptor for AGEs)-oxidative stress system: a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic vascular complications by Yamagishi S1, Nakamura K, Matsui T, Ueda S, Fukami K, Okuda S.(PubMed)
(3) The influence of sulforaphane on vascular health and its relevance to nutritional approaches to prevent cardiovascular disease by Paul C. Evans(PMC)
(4) Food-advanced glycation end products aggravate the diabetic vascular complications via modulating the AGEs/RAGE pathway by Lv X1, Lv GH1, Dai GY1, Sun HM2, Xu HQ3.(PubMed)
(5) Advanced glycation end product Key players in skin aging? by Paraskevi Gkogkolou and Markus Böhm(PMC)
(6) Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reductionin the diet by Uribarri J1, Woodruff S, Goodman S, Cai W, Chen X, Pyzik R, Yong A, Striker GE, Vlassara H.(PubMed)
(7) Neuronal cell death and regeneration in diseases associated with advanced glycation end-products accumulation by Bikbova G1, Oshitari T1, Yamamoto S(PubMed)
(8) Long-term use of some high blood pressure drugs associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center

A Common and Kitchen Spice that Curbs Diabetes Naturally

Kyle J. Norton


Diabetes is a chronic condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose.

Type 1 diabetes is a congenital condition caused by die off of pancreas cells which are responsible for production insulin, a hormone with function to control the level of blood glucose.

Regular injection of insulin or insulin therapy is required daily in patient who was born with the disease.

In contrast to type II diabetes, types 1 diabetes are not associated to dietary intake or unhealthy life style that can cause increase of glucose levels in the blood. 

According to Diabetes Canada, patients with type 1 diabetes should aware of the number of insulin injections that are needed per day; the timing of insulin injections and the dose of insulin that are needed with each injection

The cause of type 1 diabetes are debatable, but some researchers found that most patient with type 1 diabetes are linked to abnormal body’s immune system over reaction to the cells that make insulin.

On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is  either caused by cells in pancreas dying off  or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol due to unhealthy dietary and life style selections.

In some cases, the diseases is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

If you experience some of physical symptoms of frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, nonrefractive visual impairment and appetite problems,  together with gastrointestinal symptoms such as stomach pain, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, nausea and vomiting and mental symptoms of  depression, emotion stress, sleeping difficulties,.....  and suicidal ideation, you may have type 2 diabetes. Please check with your doctor as soon as possible(4).

According to the 2011 statistic from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC), among U.S. residents ages 65 years and older, 10.9 million, or 26.9 percent, have diabetes in 2010.

About 215,000 people younger than 20 years had diabetes—type 1 or type 2—in the United States in 2010.

And approximately, 1.9 million people ages 20 years or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2010 in the United States.

For my years of practice and research, I do believe that intake of 1/4 table spoon of Vietnamese cinnamon powder in the morning and evening have significant effects in keeping blood sugar in check.

In prediabetes with the morning reading of 6.9 emmol/L of a lady whom I know for 10 years, intake of the volume of cinnamon suggested above has managed to maintain her's the morning blood glucose at 5.3 mmol/L since.

Cinnamon, a kitchen spice used  in many cultures, may have gained many believers, including medical professions because of its anti diabetic effect, through regulating the blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic subjects.

According to herbalists, intake of 1/4 tsp. in the morning and evening may reduce the blood sugar significantly with little or no adverse side effects.

The herb has been use in herbal and traditional medicine as anti-fungal and bacteria activities and  improves reproductive organ, prevents flatulence and intestinal cramping, treats indigestion, diarrhea, bad breath, headache, migraine, etc.(1).

In a total of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes study conducted by Xuhui District Central Hospital, researchers found that oral administration of cinnamon  reduced significant of blood triglyceride levels even in the low-dose group, after 3 months.(2).

Some researchers suggested that cinnamon extract improved fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance without altering the insulin secretion may be attributed to its effects in lowering triglyceride and increasing liver glycogen content and improving insulin action in liver tissues(3).

Dr. Kim SH and Dr. Choung SY. told PubMed that “the effect of cinnamon significantly increases insulin sensitivity, reduces serum, and hepatic lipids, and improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia possibly by regulating the PPAR-medicated glucose and lipid metabolism”(4).

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) including PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ are receptors that reduce triglyceride level and regulate energy homeostasis.
In support of the above, chromium(Cr) and polyphenols found in cinnamon(Cinnamomon cassia) displayed a significant improvement of glucose, insulin, cholesterol and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes, according to a double-blind placebo-controlled study(7).

Unfortunately, according to the Western University of Health Sciences, even though consumption of cinnamon is associated with a statistically significant decrease in levels of fasting plasma glucose, but high degree of heterogeneity including quality and content may limit the ability to apply these results to patient care, due to the unclear preferred dose and duration of therapy(5).

Moreover, a randomized clinical trial in which 70 Patients with type II diabetes were assigned randomly into two groups (35 in cinnamon and 35 in placebo group) for the testing of the effect of cinnamon on the glucose level in blood, at the end of the experiment researchers found that there is an insignificant effect of using cinnamon on glucose level of diabetic patients and the herb should not be recommended to patients with type II diabetes depending on further studies(6).

Taken altogether, although there are some discrepancies involving cinnamon efficacy, I do believe that cinnamon in low dose is effective to control and mamage the level of blood glucose in patient with diabetes without altering the insulin level.

However, according to Dr. Georgakopoulou EA(7), oral intake of cinnamon may cause Stomatitis, and burning sensation in mouth if it is taken in large amounts.

The traditional Chinese medicine also indicated that overdoses of cinnamon can be toxic and damage the liver(1).


Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

References
(1) @Popular Herbs -Cinnamon
(2) Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes by Lu T, Sheng H, Wu J, Cheng Y, Zhu J, Chen Y.(PubMed)
(3) Cinnamon extract improves insulin sensitivity in the brain and lowers liver fat in mouse models of obesity by Sartorius T1, Peter A2, Schulz N3, Drescher A2, Bergheim I4, Machann J5, Schick F6, Siegel-Axel D2, Schürmann A3, Weigert C1, Häring HU1, Hennige AM(PubMed)
(4) Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic action of Cinnamomi Cassiae (Cinnamon bark) extract in C57BL/Ks db/db mice by Kim SH1, Choung SY.(PubMed)
(5) Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis by Allen RW1, Schwartzman E, Baker WL, Coleman CI, Phung OJ.(PubMed)
(6) The Effect of Cinnamon on Glucose of Type II Diabetes Patients by Hasanzade F1, Toliat M2, Emami SA3, Emamimoghaadam Z(PubMed)
(7) Chromium and polyphenols from cinnamon improve insulin sensitivity by Anderson RA.(PubMed)
(8) Diabetes – The Symptoms by Kyle J. Norton

The Pungent Spice That Crucifies Breast Cancer Cells, Scientists Reveal

By Kyle J. Norton, Scholar, Master of Nutrition

The finding of whole food medication by scientists all over world to replace the single ingredient of Western medicine for treatment of breast cancer with little or no side effect has been difficult due to no commercial benefits and patent right to producers.

Breast cancer is a medical and chronic condition characterized by irregular cells growth in the breast tissue.

In most cases, breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk.

There is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast.

According to statistic,  in 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

Depending to the stage of cancer, women in the very early stage (increased risk of breast cancer) may only experience rusting at the nipple, bloody nipple drainage, a retracted, flattened nipple, particularly in those symptoms that do not go away in 2 weeks.

In the early stage of breast cancer, the tumor is smaller than the approximate size of a peanut (2 centimeters or smaller) and localized.

The survival rate of women diagnosed at this early stage is 100%.

In the breast cancer stage, according to the American Cancer Society, any of the following unusual changes in the breast can be a symptom of breast cancer such as  swelling of all or part of the breast,  skin irritation or dimpling. breast pain, nipple pain or the nipple turning inward. redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin. 

Therefore, regardless to breast cancer risk, self examination is one the best method to detect early breast cancer. All woman should be herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling monthly,

Some researchers suggested that women with alternated genes and family history of breast cancers might be required to have their mammogram taken annually.

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, belonging to family Amaryllidaceae, native to central Asia.

The food or herb has been used popularly in traditional and Chinese medicine in treating common cold and flu to the Plague, blood pressure cholesterol levels, natural antibiotic, etc.

According to study, administration of fresh Garlic Extract only exerted a significant effect in inhibited colon and gastric cancer, but also stimulated cancer cell cycle arrest and alternated the morphology of MCF7 breast cancer cells.

In MCF7 human breast cancer cells, garlic constituent diallyl trisulfide have highly effective antitumor effects by suppressing viability of cultured MCF-7 and MCF-12a cells, through decreased the percent of cells in G(2)/M and induced apoptotic cell death.

According to the study by the 201 South University Street, diallyl trisulfide, inhibited the expression of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells,regardless to the state of estrogen in the tumors.

In a total of in 285 women (aged 25-65 years old) newly diagnosed with histopathologically confirmed breast cancer, dietary Allium Vegetables has a negative association between the consumption of raw onion and risk of breast cancer.


Dr. Roy N., the lead author at the Kerala Agricultural University, said, "Docking studies and ADMET evaluation revealed twelve compounds (isolated from garlic) to be active against the targets(breast caner cell lines). All the compounds displayed highly negative dock scores which indicated good interactions".

These results suggested that the effectiveness of garlic in reduced risk and treatment of breast cancer is probably due to existence of many phytochemicals found in the herb.

Adding garlic intake to your daily diet can ameliorated risk of breast cancer substantially.


Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca



Kyle J. Norton, Scholar, Master of Nutrition
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Fresh Garlic Extract Induces Growth Arrest and Morphological Differentiation of MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells by Modem S1, Dicarlo SE, Reddy TR.(PubMed)
(2) Garlic constituent diallyl trisulfide induced apoptosis in MCF7 human breast cancer cells by Malki A1, El-Saadani M, Sultan AS.(PubMed)
(3) Diallyl trisulfide, a chemopreventive agent from Allium vegetables, inhibits alpha-secretases in breast cancer cells by Kiesel VA1, Stan SD2.(PubMed)

Beware of These Symptoms of Perforated Appendicitis, A Life Threatening Condition

By Kyle J. Norton, Scholar, Master of Nutrition

Appendicitis is a condition of inflammation of appendix.

The condition is classified as an emergency, in many incidences, required the removal of the appendix. 

Early diagnosis is easily treated with 100% recovery.

If burst, or perforate, spilling infectious materials into the abdominal cavity can be life threatening.

And depending to each patients condition, treatment of appendicitis perforate, may opt for conservative treatment by means of an intravenous antibiotic therapy to solve acute abdomen pain, planning a routinary interval appendectomy (IA) after some months or an immediate appendectomy(4).

Examples are quoted directly from the joint study led by the Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo

[Patient 1. immediate appendectomy

This 5-year old girl showed the following symptoms: 5 days fever, abdominal pain and vomit. Leukocytes and PCR was 18 × 103 and 16 (mg/dl) respectively.

US showed a perforated appendicitis associated with an inflammatory mass.

We decided to perform an immediate video-assisted appendectomy through a subumbilical incision for the laparoscopic operative trocar insertion.

We found a subhepatic necrotic appendix surrounded by an abscess.

To dissect and extract the appendix, it was necessary to enlarge the subumbilical incision and create a second access in the left iliac fossa. Nasogastric tube (NT) and vesical catheter (VC) were placed. Surgery time was 165 min.

Oral feeding started on day 4. Hospital stay was 9 days.

She was treated with a triple antibiotic therapy (ampicillin/sulbactam 50 mg/kg every 8 h, metronidazole 10 mg/kg every 8 h, tobramycin 5 mg/kg in a single dose) for 9 days.

In the postoperative stage, an infection of the subumbilical wound was observed.


Patient 2: immediate appendectomy
This 4-year old girl reported having abdominal pain and fever for 3 days. Leukocytes and PCR was 24 × 103 and 20 mg/dl respectively.

US showed a thickening of the appendix with a pericecal effusion without a secure image of abscess.

An immediate video-assisted appendectomy was performed through a single enlarged subumbilical incision.

We found a necrotic appendix with an inflammatory mass involving the right tube and ovary.

The tube wall was very fragile and during the procedure a tubal lesion led to a partial tube removal. NT and VC were placed. Surgery time as 70 min.

Oral feeding started on day 3. Hospital stay was 10 days. Our standard triple antibiotic therapy was continued for 10 days.

In the postoperative stage, a subumbilical wound infection was observed](4).


Dr. Edoardo Guida and colleagues said, " In the case of a perforated appendicitis with an abscess and coprolith is an initial conservative case management followed by a routine interval appendectomy performed not later than 4 months after discharge"(4).

Therefore, to rule out perforated appendicitis, you must understand the signs and symptoms of below and act accordingly

1. Abdominal pain and upper respiratory tract infection
Although appendicitis is the condition that most commonly requires emergent abdominal surgery in the paediatric population, less than 2% of the disease occurs in infants and it is even more uncommon in neonates. 

There is report of a rare case of a 14-month-old child presenting with abdominal pain first diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection and then admitted to Paediatric Surgery Department with a final diagnosis of acute appendicitis, according to the FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA’ GRANDA – Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico(1).

2.  Symptoms of  vomiting, fever, pain, anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal tenderness, peritonitis, temperature 38.0 degrees C or more, abdominal distension, Leukocytosis, small-bowel obstruction (SBO), contrast enemas and perforated appendicitis.

According to some researchers, if you experience of all these symptoms persistently over 3 days or more, you may be in the early stage of  appendicitis. Please check with your doctors right the way.

In the study to identify the presenting symptoms and signs in this age group and examine their subsequent management and outcome, by the The Scarborough Hospital, indicated that in 27 children less than 3 years old (mean 23 months) comprised 2.3% of all children with appendicitis in the series, the most common presenting symptoms were vomiting (27), fever (23), pain (21), anorexia (15), and diarrhea (11).

The average duration of symptoms was 3 days, with 4 or more days in 9 children. Eighteen children were seen by a physician before the correct diagnosis was made; 14 were initially treated for an upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, or a urinary tract infection.


The most common presenting signs were abdominal tenderness (27), peritonitis (24), temperature 38.0 degrees C or more (21), abdominal distension (18), Leukocytosis (<12.0 x 10(3)/mm(3)) was found in 18, tenderness was localized to the right lower quadrant (RLQ) in 14 and was diffuse in 10.

 Abdominal radiographs demonstrated findings of a small-bowel obstruction (SBO) in 14 of 21 patients, a fecalith in 2, and a pneumoperitoneum in 1. Contrast enemas were performed in 6 children, 5 of whom had a phlegmon or an abscess. Perforated appendicitis was found in all 27 patients. An appendectomy was performed in 25 and a RLQ drain was placed in 18(2).

3. An abdominal mass, guarding, rebound tenderness, rigidity, diffuse or focal tenderness, diarrhea, emesis, fever, pain, and anorexia
According to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the common physical signs of an abdominal mass, guarding, rebound tenderness, rigidity, and diffuse or focal tenderness and common symptoms are diarrhea, emesis, fever, pain, and anorexia with the most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (94%); the most common sign was abdominal tenderness (95.8%)(3).

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

 Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22878766
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14730382
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10888451

(4) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485681/

Infectious Diseases: The Natural Remedies That Inhibit Over Growth of Candida, Scientists Say

By Kyle J. Norton, Scholar, Master of Nutrition

Candida albicans are members of a large group of micro organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within the membranes, including yeast(2)(3), fungi(4)(5)(6), and mold(6) that live among the gut flora in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract.

Non-albicans Candida (NAC) species cause 35-65% of all candidaemias in the general patient population(1).

According to joint study, in many cases, biofilm(microorganisms with cells stick to each other on a surface) formation(7) gene mutations(8) and overexpression of genes(9)(10) are often associated with increased candida resistance toward antifungal drugs.

Herbal medicine or phytotherapy is a traditional practice used botany and plants for treatment of a variety of diseases.

Today, due to serious side effects caused by intake of conventional single ingredient medication, some scientists once again have looked into herbal whole food plant with an aim to find the replacements with similar effectiveness without inducing adverse effect.

These journeys have encountered many problems, as the discovery of such plants will provide no commercial benefit and patent right to producers. Particularly, if such plants are found, they will exert a major blow in cutting into sizable benefits of big pharmaceutical companies

Truly, between 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials(b).

Some researchers suggested that duplicated herbal successes of Western drugs with the synthetic version for patent right without using the whole herb ingredients for commercial profits may eventually contribute to over expression of serious adverse effects(b).

Imbalance of ratio of ROS species and antioxidant enzemes in the host tissue have played an essential role in initiated expression of healthy cell cytotoxicity that can alternate DNA strascription in facilitated the development of of chronic ailments such as over growth of candida.

In free radical over expression cause of over growth candida, certain natural alternatives exerted a strong antioxidant effect that target Candida.

According to Dr. Seneviratne CJ at the University of Hong Kong, in the study of "Potent anti-raditional Chinese herbal plant contains significant and potent antifungal activities, such as Rhizoma Coptidis and Cortex phellodendri Chinesis on three different non-albicans Candida species, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis(a).

The Anti Over Growth of Candida Natural Alternatives

1. Manuka Honey

Manuka honey has been known to benefit humans in healing wounds and injuries(309) without inducing damage to cells. The product also contains hydrogen peroxide claimed to have antimicrobial property(310), including candida albicans(311).

2. Undecylenic acid

Undecylenic acid is the common name of the 10-undecenoic acid, an organic unsaturated fatty acid derived from castor oil, It is a natural antimicrobial property(312)against fungal skin infections(313)(314) and Candida albicans(315).

3. Caprylic acid

Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon saturated fatty acid found naturally in coconuts and breast milk, used in treatments for a variety of conditions, including Candida(316)(317).

4. Echinacea angustifolia

Echinacea angustifolia is a herbaceous plant species Echinacea angustifolia, belongings to the family Asteraceae native to Northern America. Echinacea angustifolia besides enhances the immune system function(318)(319) against invasion of bacteria and viral through its antioxidant effects, it also used to treat bacterial infections(320) and candida(318) in herb medicine.

5. Horopeito

Horopeit is a genus Pseudowintera, part of family Winteraceae. The herb contains a compound polygodial, a chemical compound used to suppress the growth of candida(321)(322) by damaging the permeable cell membrane of yeast(322).

6. Oregano

Oregano is a genus of the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region. The herb not only promotes digestive health(323), clear skin and healthy immune system(324), but also dehydrates candida(325) by reacting with the water in the bloodstream, through its phytochemicals Carvacrol and Thymol(326).

7. Aloe vera

Aloe vera is a genus Aloe belongings to the family Asphodelaceae, originated in the Sudan. Beside containing significant amounts of amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants which help to enhance the immune function(327) in fighting against virus and bacteria infection and inflammation(328), it also maintains a proper PH levels that inhibit the growth of candida(329) and repairs and seals the intestinal wall, which stops Candida from actually penetrating through and into your blood stream(330).

8. Tea tree oil

Tea tree oil is a pale yellow color to nearly clear essential oil extracted from the leaves of the Narrow-leaved Tea-tree, native to the northeast coast of New South Wales, Australia. In Fluconazole-resistant candidaalbicans strains, dose-depend manner, tea tree oil strongly exhibited fluconazole activity against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains, through its anti fungal activity(331).

Terpinen-4-ol, the main bioactive component found in teat tree oil, also showed to accelerate clearance all Candida strains from the vagina , including the azole-resistant forms in rat vaginal infection model(332)

9. Tannate plant extracts

Tannate is the salt or ester of tannic acid. Tannate plant extract is a powerful anti fungal agent(333)(334) by destroying candida selectively without harming the good flora in the body(335). It is said that tannate plant extract is effective in treating bacteria, viruses, fungal infections due to its antifungal(333)(334), anti-inflammatory properties(336).

10. Biotin

Biotin or viyamin B7, a coenzyme in the metabolism of fatty acids and leucine, plays an important role in gluconeogenesis(337). According to Università degli Studi di Torino, patients with biotin deficiency are at high risk of candida albicans overgrowth(338).

Biotin prevents yeast to change into its fungal form(339), thus reducing risk of candida albicans overgrowth.

11. Probiotics (friendly bacteria)

Probiotic is live microorganisms which benefits the host. Intake of probiotics enhances the production of hydrogen peroxide(340) that plays a important role in preventing candida overgrowth and through self-multiple mechanisms(341).

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Sources
(a) Potent anti-microbial activity of traditional Chinese medicine herbs against Candida species by Seneviratne CJ1, Wong RW, Samaranayake LP.(PubMed)
(b) Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents by Marjorie Murphy Cowan(PMC)(1) Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance by Krcmery V1, Barnes AJ.(PubMed)
(2) Pathogenicity and drug resistance in Candida albicans and other yeastspecies. A review by Mishra NN1, Prasad T, Sharma N, Payasi A, Prasad R, Gupta DK, Singh R.(PubMed)
(3) Multidrug resistance in yeast Candida by Prasad R1, Kapoor K.(PubMerd)
(4) New evidence that Candida albicans possesses additional ATP-binding cassette MDR-like genes: implications for antifungal azole resistance. by Walsh TJ1, Kasai M, Francesconi A, Landsman D, Chanock SJ.(PubMed)
(5) Mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans isolates from AIDS patients involve specific multidrug transporters.by Sanglard D1, Kuchler K, Ischer F, Pagani JL, Monod M, Bille J.(PubMed)
(6) Structural analysis of phospho-D-mannan-protein complexes isolated from yeast and mold form cells of Candida albicans NIH A-207 serotype A strain by Shibata N1, Fukasawa S, Kobayashi H, Tojo M, Yonezu T, Ambo A, Ohkubo Y, Suzuki S.(PubMed)
(7) The effect of antifungal combination on transcripts of a subset of drug-resistance genes in clinical isolates of Candida species induced biofilms by Ibrahim NH1, Melake NA2, Somily AM3, Zakaria AS4, Baddour MM5, Mahmoud AZ6(PubMed)
(8) Antifungal drug resistance in pathogenic fungi. by Vanden Bossche H1, Dromer F, Improvisi I, Lozano-Chiu M, Rex JH, Sanglard D.(PubMed)
(9) The genetic basis of fluconazole resistance development in Candida albicans by Morschhäuser J1.(PubMed)
(10) A proteomic approach to understanding the development of multidrug-resistant Candida albicans strains by Kusch H1, Biswas K, Schwanfelder S, Engelmann S, Rogers PD, Hecker M, Morschhäuser J.(PubMed)(247) The role of vitamin E in T-cell differentiation and the decrease of cellular immunity with aging.by Moriguchi S1.(PubMed)
(310) Effect of hydrogen peroxide on antibacterial activities of Canadian honeysby Brudzynski K1.(PubMed)
(311) Streptomyces sp. JS520 produces exceptionally high quantities of undecylprodigiosin with antibacterial, antioxidative, and UV-protective propertiesby Stankovic N1, Radulovic V, Petkovic M, Vuckovic I, Jadranin M, Vasiljevic B, Nikodinovic-Runic J.(PubMed)
(312) Antimicrobial polyurethane thermosets based on undecylenic acid: synthesis and evaluation.by Lluch C1, Esteve-Zarzoso B, Bordons A, Lligadas G, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V.(PubMed)
(313) Allergic contact dermatitis from undecylenic acid in a commercial antifungal nail solution by Anguita JL1, Escutia B, Marí JI, Rodríguez M, De La Cuadra J, Aliaga A.(PubMed)
(314) Undecylenic acid and fungous infections by Landau JW.(PubMed)
(315) Undecylenic acid inhibits morphogenesis of Candida albicansby McLain N1, Ascanio R, Baker C, Strohaver RA, Dolan JW.(PubMed)
(316) [Inhibition of Candida mycelia growth by a medium chain fatty acids, capric acid in vitro and its therapeutic efficacy in murine oral candidiasis].[Article in Japanese]by Takahashi M1, Inoue S, Hayama K, Ninomiya K, Abe S.(PubMed)
(317) [Effects of inhibitory activity on mycelial growth of Candida albicans and therapy for murine oral candidiasis by the combined use of terpinen-4-ol and a middle-chain fatty acid, capric acid].[Article in Japanese]by Ninomiya K1, Hayama K, Ishijima S, Takahashi M, Kurihara J, Abe S.(PubMed)
(318) In vitro and in vivo immune stimulating effects of a new standardized Echinacea angustifolia root extract (Polinacea) by Morazzoni P1, Cristoni A, Di Pierro F, Avanzini C, Ravarino D, Stornello S, Zucca M, Musso T.(PubMed)
(319) Immune enhancing effects of Echinacea purpurea root extract by reducing regulatory T cell number and function by Kim HR, Oh SK, Lim W, Lee HK, Moon BI, Seoh JY.(PubMed)
(320) Applications of the phytomedicine Echinacea purpurea (Purple Coneflower) in infectious diseases. by Hudson JB1.(PubMed)
(321) Anethole, a potential antimicrobial synergist, converts a fungistatic dodecanol to a fungicidal agentby Fujita K1, Fujita T, Kubo I.(PubMed)
(322) Polygodial, an antifungal potentiator by Kubo I1, Taniguchi M.(PubMed)
(323) Enterococci from piglets--probiotic properties and responsiveness to natural antibacterial substances by Strompfová V1, Lauková A.(PubMed)
(324) Dietary supplementation with two Lamiaceae herbs-(oregano and sage) modulates innate immunity parameters in Lumbricus terrestris by Vattem DA1, Lester C, Deleon R, Jamison B, Maitin V.(PubMed)
(325) Oregano Oil for Candida(New health guide)(326) In vitro activity of origanum vulgare essential oil against candidaspecies by Cleff MB1, Meinerz AR, Xavier M, Schuch LF, Schuch LF, Araújo Meireles MC, Alves Rodrigues MR, de Mello JR.(PubMed)
(327) Augmented humoral immune response and decreased cell-mediated immunity by Aloe vera in rats. by Halder S1, Mehta AK, Mediratta PK.(PubMed)
(328) Antimicrobial activity of preparation Bioaron C by Gawron-Gzella A, Michalak A, Kędzia A.(PubMed)
(329) Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on Candida albicans: an in vitro study by Doddanna SJ1, Patel S, Sundarrao MA, Veerabhadrappa RS.(PubMed)
(330) Antifungals: Aloe Vera(The candida diets)
(331) The Influence of Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on Fluconazole Activity against Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Strains by Mertas A1, Garbusińska A1, Szliszka E1, Jureczko A1, Kowalska M1, Król W1.(PubMed)
(332) In vivo activity of terpinen-4-ol, the main bioactive component of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (tea tree) oil against azole-susceptible and -resistant human pathogenic Candida species by Mondello F1, De Bernardis F, Girolamo A, Cassone A, Salvatore G.(PubMed)
(333) [The effect of tannic acid on colonization of Candida in tissue conditioning material].
[Article in Japanese]by Kubota K.(PubMed)(334) [The effect of tannic acid on attachment of Candida albicans to plate denture lining material].
[Article in Japanese]by Tanaka T.(PubMed)
(335) Who Gets Yeast Infections?(Things for ladies)(336) Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening and Anti Inflammatory Activity of Leaves and Stem of Mikania scandens (L.) Wild by Banerjee S1, Chanda A1, Adhikari A2, Das A2, Biswas S3.(PubMed)
(337) The effect of oxalate on gluconeogenesis by isolated chicken hepatocytes. Increased sensitivity to inhibition as a result of biotindeficiency by Bannister DW, O'Neill IE.(PubMed)
(338) Growth of Candida albicans in a minimal synthetic medium without biotin. by Vidotto V1, Pugliese A, Gioannini P.(PubMed)
(339) Candida Infestation and BiotinWritten by Sean Brookwood Published on September 22, 2013
(340) Improved growth and viability of lactobacilli in the presence of Bacillus subtilis (natto), catalase, or subtilisin by Hosoi T1, Ametani A, Kiuchi K, Kaminogawa S.(PubMed)
(Oxidative stress responses in the human fungal pathogen, Candidaalbicans by Dantas Ada S1, Day A2, Ikeh M3, Kos I4, Achan B5, Quinn J6.(PubMed)
(341) Candida Diets: Part II: Hydrogen Peroxide Written by Jeff McCombs(342) Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease. by Brown JV1, Moe-Byrne T, McGuire W.(PubMed)

The Inter Relation of Free Radicals, Antioxidant Enzymes and Dementia (Lou Gehrig's Disease(Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis))

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)


Dementia is a condition of neurodegeneration syndrome among elder, affecting memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgment. Over 47 millions of worldwide population are affected by the disease, mostly in the West.

The evaluation of the diseases by holistic medicine has been lacking, especially through conventional medicine research and studies.

Maintaining a balanced ratio of antioxidant and free radicals is essential for our body to perform a daily physiological function properly.

Truly, if our body is overwhelmed by overexpression of free radicals, it will be weakened by oxidative stress, causing adversely altered lipids, proteins, and DNA that can trigger a number of human diseases(a), including dementia.

* Free radicals are unstable molecules that contain at least an unpaired electron with function as oxidants or reductants by donated an electron to or accept an electron from other molecules to exhibit chain and domino's effects.

Most common oxygen-containing free radicals found epidemiologically in induced chronic diseases, including hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen singlet, hypochlorite, nitric oxide radical, and peroxynitrite radical.

According to the University of Texas Medical Branch, observation of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) indicated that free radicals play a role in the expression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) through the alternation of \gene containing Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD).

Dr. Liu D said, "The selective degeneration of motor neurons in ALS may be caused by the high level of Cu,Zn-SOD present in and a large number of glutamatergic synapses projecting to these neurons"(b).

These selections of free radical in degeneration of motor neurons in ALS were attributed to free radical(mutation of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD)) in long-term induction of oxidative stress, according to the study involved167 ALS patients (aged 59+/-13 years), treated or not with riluzole, compared with 62 age-matched healthy control subjects (aged 60+/-11 years) simultaneously, conducted by Hôpital de la Salpêtrière(c).

Some researchers suggested that cell damage and homeostatic disruption caused by free radicals can be inhibited by targeting free radicals of all kinds of molecules in the body(a), including lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, through improving antioxidant status in the body.

* Antioxidants is a natural compound with function in inhibited molecules that cause oxidation before they can induce chains of domino's reaction.

* Antioxidants include those are produced by body tissue enzymes and externally dietary antioxidants intake from functional food sources.

Here is the summary of "The Battles of Free Radicals, Antioxidant Enzymes and Dementia (Lou Gehrig's Disease(Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis))"

Free radicals and Dementia (Lou Gehrig's disease)
Researchers found that glutamate in the synapses enhances the production of free radicals(77), due to its excitotoxicity, only in motor nerve cells but spares other nerve cells(74)(75) such as cells control senses and other body functions, causing disruption of astrocytes in regulated glutamate levels(76).

Antioxidants and Dementia (Lou Gehrig's disease)
1. Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)
High doses of vitamin B12 as an antioxidant have shown to improve or slow muscle wasting in the later stages of patients with ALS disease(78)(79).

2. Vitamin E
Vitamin E protected against cell membranes from lipid peroxidation damage(80) in reducing the risk of breakdown of the cell membrane cause of ALS(81).

3. Superoxide dismutase enzyme
Mutations in the superoxide dismutase enzyme can increase the risk ALS(82) in catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide(83).

4. Cerebral cortex
Oxidative stress and DNA alternation triggered neurons damage(84) were found in elevated levels in mice with ALS(85).

5. Amino acids
Diet high in amino acids as antioxidants have shown some promising effect in treating ALS(86)(87).

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Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
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Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar) 
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(a) Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health by V. Lobo, A. Patil, A. Phatak, and N. Chandra(PMC)
(b) The roles of free radicals in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Liu D(PubMed)
(c) Blood oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Bonnefont-Rousselot D1, Lacomblez L, Jaudon M, Lepage S, Salachas F, Bensimon G, Bizard C, Doppler V, Delattre J, Meininger V(PubMed)
(74) System xC- is a mediator of microglial function and its deletion slows symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice by Mesci P1, Zaïdi S1, Lobsiger CS1, Millecamps S1, Escartin C2, Seilhean D1, Sato H3, Mallat M1, Boillée S4.(PubMed)
(75) Microglia and motor neurons during disease progression in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: changes in arginase1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase by Lewis KE, Rasmussen AL, Bennett W, King A, West AK, Chung RS, Chuah MI1.(PubMed)
(76) Mutant disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 in astrocytes: focus on glutamate metabolism by Abazyan S1, Yang EJ, Abazyan B, Xia M, Yang C, Rojas C, Slusher B, Sattler R, Pletnikov M.(PubMed)
(77) Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: effects of posttraumatic hypothermia by Globus MY1, Alonso O, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Ginsberg MD.(PubMed)
(78) Methyl Vitamin B12 but not methylfolate rescues a motor neuron-like cell line from homocysteine-mediated cell death. by Hemendinger RA1, Armstrong EJ 3rd, Brooks BR.(PubMed)
(79) [Clinical trials of ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin in ALS].[Article in Japanese] by Izumi Y1, Kaji R.(PubMed)
(80) Antioxidant effect of 4-nerolidylcatechol and α-tocopherol in erythrocyte ghost membranes and phospholipid bilayers. by Fernandes KS1, Silva AH, Mendanha SA, Rezende KR, Alonso A.(PubMed)
(81) Vitamin E serum levels and controlled supplementation and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Michal Freedman D1, Kuncl RW, Weinstein SJ, Malila N, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(82) Aggregation propensities of superoxide dismutase G93 hotspot mutants mirror ALS clinical phenotypes by Pratt AJ1, Shin DS1, Merz GE2, Rambo RP3, Lancaster WA4, Dyer KN3, Borbat PP5, Poole FL 2nd4, Adams MW4, Freed JH5, Crane BR2, Tainer JA6, Getzoff ED7.(PubMed)
(83) Hydrogen peroxide induce modifications of human extracellular superoxide dismutase that results in enzyme inhibition by Gottfredsen RH1, Larsen UG, Enghild JJ, Petersen SV.(PubMed)
(84) Oxidative DNA damage and alteration of glutamate transporter expressions in the hippocampal Ca1 area immediately after ischemic insult.by An SJ1, Kang TC, Park SK, Hwang IK, Cho SS, Chung MH, Won MH.(PubMed)
(85) Functional contribution of the transcription factor ATF4 to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.by Matus S1, Lopez E, Valenzuela V, Nassif M, Hetz C.(PubMed)
(86) Amino acids as biomarkers in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of ALS.by Bame M1, Grier RE, Needleman R, Brusilow WS.(PubMed)
(87) Branched-chain amino acids and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a treatment failure? The Italian ALS Study Group.[No authors listed](PubMed)