During the last stage of
menstrual cycle, normally a layer of endometriosis lining in the inside
of uterus is expelled which is known as menstruation blood, but instead
some of the endometriosis tissues grow somewhere in the body causing
endometriosis. They also react to hormone signals of the monthly
menstrual cycle, building up tissue, breaking it and eliminating it
through the menstrual period. In this article, we will discuss what
causes endometriosis. In fact, the causes of endometriosis is not known,
but there are some suggestions and theories.
1. Retrograde menstruation
The retrograde menstruation theory suggests that during menstruation the
blood flows backward instead of outward causing menstrual blood to go
through the fallopian tubes to the pelvic and abdominal cavity,
resulting in blood embedding on the outside of the uterus into other
tissues and organs causing endometriosis.
2. Weakening of immune system
Normally, the immune will destroy endometrial cells which are located
outside the uterus. If the immune system is weakened and no longer
functions normally, it will allow the endometrial cells that shed to
attach and grow elsewhere in the body.
3. Stress and emotion
During stress and emotion, the adrenal glands produce cortisol which
affects the function of the body to cleanse toxins resulting in
stimulating the growth of endometriosis.
4. Embryonic theory
This theory suggests during the embryonic stage, some endometrial cells
which normally grow in the womb instead develops in the abdomen.
5. Hormone imbalance
Endometriosis happens during reproductive years of women when estrogen
and progesterone are most active. In each stage of the menstrual cycle,
estrogen and progesterone must be balanced for women to conceive. Any
imbalance of hormones during the menstrual cycle causes conversion of
estrogen into bad estrogen and over-production of prostaglandin causing
the cervix to contract resulting in no escaping of the menstrual period,
causing menstrual cramps and endometriosis. Nutritional deficiency is
also one of the causes of hormone imbalance.
6. Hereditary
Endometriosis may be genetics passing through from generation to
generation or it may result from genetic errors, causing some women to
become more likely than others to develop the condition. Study shows
that women are 5 times more likely to develop endometriosis if her
sister has it. It is wise for these women to have children in their
early reproductive years.
7. Toxic environment
Study shows that exposing our body to toxins found in pesticides and
some harmful waste products may have some hormonal and chemical
influence causing activation of endometriosis at the time of menstrual
cycle resulting in proliferating of endo-tissues to the abnormal area in
our body.
8. Xenoestrogen
Interaction of our body with certain chemicals causes a disruption of
the body's hormones as resulting of over-production of estrogen
converting to xenoestrogen to stimulate the growth of endometriosis.
9. Sex during menstruation.
Sexual intercourse during menstruation causes the endometriosis tissue
to travel into the fallopian tubes then into the ovary resulting in
developing ovarian endometriosis.
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Friday, 8 November 2013
What is Endometriosis?
During the last stage of the menstrual cycle, normally a layer of
endometriosis lining on the inside of the uterus is expelled, known as
menstruation blood which instead some of the endometriosis tissues grows
somewhere in the body causing endometriosis. They also react to hormone
signals of the monthly menstrual cycle, builds up tissue, breaks it and
eliminates it through menstrual period. Endometriosis is estimated to
affect:
a) About 20% of reproductive age women with endometriosis present but without symptoms.
b) About 55% of women who have developed the new onset of severe menstrual cramps
c) About 25% of women with sub-fertility (less fertile than a normal couple)
Since they grow in somewhere other than in the uterus, when they break there is no way for the period blood to exit causing blood attaching to the organs or lining of the abdomen resulting in scars or adheresion as well as weakening the normal function of organs.
Most of the time, the endometriosis tissues do not travel far. It is commonly found within the pelvic region, on the lining of peritoneum, in the ovaries, and on the surface of the uterus's outside wall, but they can be anywhere in the body such as well as fallopian tubes, the cervix, the vagina, and even the vulva.
Endometriosis can vary in appearance. It may be clear or white, reddish, brown or blue black, and cysts. They can be classified according to stage of severity:
a) Minimal stage:
Top surface, few in number. Commonly they are found in the inside wall of uterus, ligaments and ovary.
b) Mild stage:
Deeper implants, greater numbers are presented. Commonly found in the same area as minimal stage.
c) Moderate stage:
Many implants, endometriotic cysts present, affecting ovary function, causing scar tissues and adheresion is also present.
d) Severe stage:
Intensive perionreal implants, large endometromas present and dense adheresion.
Each women experiences differently to endometriosis. Some women may have extensive endometrial tissues in their body but feel little or no pain at all, while other women may only be in the early stage of endometriosis but have excessive pain.
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a) About 20% of reproductive age women with endometriosis present but without symptoms.
b) About 55% of women who have developed the new onset of severe menstrual cramps
c) About 25% of women with sub-fertility (less fertile than a normal couple)
Since they grow in somewhere other than in the uterus, when they break there is no way for the period blood to exit causing blood attaching to the organs or lining of the abdomen resulting in scars or adheresion as well as weakening the normal function of organs.
Most of the time, the endometriosis tissues do not travel far. It is commonly found within the pelvic region, on the lining of peritoneum, in the ovaries, and on the surface of the uterus's outside wall, but they can be anywhere in the body such as well as fallopian tubes, the cervix, the vagina, and even the vulva.
Endometriosis can vary in appearance. It may be clear or white, reddish, brown or blue black, and cysts. They can be classified according to stage of severity:
a) Minimal stage:
Top surface, few in number. Commonly they are found in the inside wall of uterus, ligaments and ovary.
b) Mild stage:
Deeper implants, greater numbers are presented. Commonly found in the same area as minimal stage.
c) Moderate stage:
Many implants, endometriotic cysts present, affecting ovary function, causing scar tissues and adheresion is also present.
d) Severe stage:
Intensive perionreal implants, large endometromas present and dense adheresion.
Each women experiences differently to endometriosis. Some women may have extensive endometrial tissues in their body but feel little or no pain at all, while other women may only be in the early stage of endometriosis but have excessive pain.
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Phytochemicals - 11 Health Benefits of Silybin
Silybin is aslo known as Silibinin (INN), the major active ingredient of silymarin, a flavanone, found in the milk thistle seeds.
Health Benefits
1. Anti cancers
In the investigation of the synthesis of various silybin monogalloyl esters and its anti cancers effect found that the most effective compound from this series (7-O-galloylsilybin) has also been prepared from stereochemically pure silybins A and B to evaluate the effect of stereochemistry on the activity. As with silybin itself, the B isomer of 7-O-galloylsilybin was more active than the A isomer, according to "Synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of new silybin galloyl esters" by Gažák R, Valentová K, Fuksová K, Marhol P, Kuzma M, Medina MÁ, Oborná I, Ulrichová J, Křen V.(1)
2. Antioxidants in vascular calcification
In the identification of natural antioxidants in the process of vascular calcification found that
Curcumin and silybin were the more effective, inhibiting both reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase and muscle cells (VSMCs) mineralization, according to "Natural antioxidants and vascular calcification: a possible benefit" by Roman-Garcia P, Barrio-Vazquez S, Fernandez-Martin JL, Ruiz-Torres MP, Cannata-Andia JB.(2)
3. Liver diseases
In the observation of Silymarin from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum and its anti liver diseases effect found that the efficacy of silymarin may be more readily observed in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients because of their higher flavonolignan plasma concentrations and more extensive enterohepatic cycling compared with those in HCV patients, according to the study of "Differences in the Disposition of Silymarin between Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Hepatitis C" by Schrieber SJ, Hawke RL, Wen Z, Smith PC, Reddy KR, Wahed AS, Belle SH, Afdhal NH, Navarro VJ, Meyers CM, Doo E, Fried MW.(3)
4. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of Silymarin, derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Milk thistle and its anti inflammatory effect in chronic hepatitis C patient found that Silymarin exerts anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects, and suggest that complementary and alternative medicine-based approaches may assist in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C, according to "Inhibition of T-cell inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte NF-kappaB signaling, and HCV infection by standardized Silymarin" by Polyak SJ, Morishima C, Shuhart MC, Wang CC, Liu Y, Lee DY.(4)
5. Prostate cancer
In the analyzing silibinin, a polyphenolic flavonolignan derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianium) and it effects in prostate cancer found that 13 g of oral silybin-phytosome daily, in 3 divided doses, appears to be well tolerated in patients with advanced prostate cancer and is the recommended phase II dose. Asymptomatic liver toxicity is the most commonly seen adverse event, according to "A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of silybin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients" by Flaig TW, Gustafson DL, Su LJ, Zirrolli JA, Crighton F, Harrison GS, Pierson AS, Agarwal R, Glodé LM.(5)
6. Memory impairment
In demonstration of silibinin and it effect in brain energy metabolism found that pretreatment with silibinin (100 and 200mg/kg, po) attenuated STZ induced memory impairment by reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress and synaptosomal calcium ion level. Further, silibinin dose dependently restored ATP level indicating improvement in brain energy metabolism, according to "Improvement of brain energy metabolism and cholinergic functions contributes to the beneficial effects of silibinin against streptozotocin induced memory impairment" by Tota S, Kamat PK, Shukla R, Nath C.(6)
7. Bladder cancer
In the investigation of silibinin and it effect on bladder cancer found that oral silibinin suppressed the growth of 5637 xenografts, which was accompanied with the activation of caspase-3, downregulation of survivin, and increased translocation of AIF. Furthermore, intravesical silibinin effectively inhibited the carcinogenesis and progression of bladder cancer in rats initiated by MNU by reducing the incidence of superficial and invasive bladder lesions without any side effects, which was accompanied with proapoptotic effects, according to "Chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of intravesical silibinin against bladder cancer by acting on mitochondria" by Zeng J, Sun Y, Wu K, Li L, Zhang G, Yang Z, Wang Z, Zhang D, Xue Y, Chen Y, Zhu G, Wang X, He D.(7)
(8) Fibrosarcoma
In the study of silibinin and it effects in fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells found that silibinin-induced autophagy was a positive regulator of apoptotic cell death, it was possible that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p38-NF-κB mediated silibinin-induced autophagy and eventually led to cell death, according to "Silibinin activated ROS-p38-NF-κB positive feedback and induced autophagic death in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells" by Duan WJ, Li QS, Xia MY, Tashiro S, Onodera S, Ikejima T.(8)
9. Alzheimer's disease (AD)
In the demonstration of silibinin and its effect on Aβ aggregation found that silibinin prevented SH-SY5Y cells from injuries caused by Aβ(1-42)-induced oxidative stress by decreasing H(2)O(2) production in Aβ(1-42)-stressed neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that silibinin may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD, according to "Silibinin: A novel inhibitor of Aβ aggregation" by Yin F, Liu J, Ji X, Wang Y, Zidichouski J, Zhang J.(9)
10. Breast cancer
in the investigation of Silibinin, a natural flavonoid and its anti breast cancer cell MCF7 and T47D found that apoptotic events in both cell types differ temporally and also by magnitude that involved mitochondrial and caspase-8 activation pathway. These results have relevance in understanding silibinin treatment to breast tumor, according to "Silibinin-induced apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D human breast carcinoma cells involves caspase-8 activation and mitochondrial pathway" by Tiwari P, Kumar A, Balakrishnan S, Kushwaha HS, Mishra KP.(10)
11. Acute Myeloid leukemia (AML)
in the researcher of silibinin on proliferation and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells found that the cross-talk mechanism mediated by caspase-8-dependent Bid cleavage can contribute to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by curcumin + carnosic acid. Collectively, these results suggest a mechanistic basis for the potential use of dietary plant polyphenol combinations in the treatment and prevention of AML, according to "Distinct combinatorial effects of the plant polyphenols curcumin, carnosic acid, and silibinin on proliferation and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells" by Pesakhov S, Khanin M, Studzinski GP, Danilenko M.(11)
12. Etc.
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Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928794
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928237
(3) http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/24/dmd.111.040212.abstract
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17484885
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17077998
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382422
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220495
(8) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10286020.2010.540757?journalCode=ganp20
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185897
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166494
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20661831
Health Benefits
1. Anti cancers
In the investigation of the synthesis of various silybin monogalloyl esters and its anti cancers effect found that the most effective compound from this series (7-O-galloylsilybin) has also been prepared from stereochemically pure silybins A and B to evaluate the effect of stereochemistry on the activity. As with silybin itself, the B isomer of 7-O-galloylsilybin was more active than the A isomer, according to "Synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of new silybin galloyl esters" by Gažák R, Valentová K, Fuksová K, Marhol P, Kuzma M, Medina MÁ, Oborná I, Ulrichová J, Křen V.(1)
2. Antioxidants in vascular calcification
In the identification of natural antioxidants in the process of vascular calcification found that
Curcumin and silybin were the more effective, inhibiting both reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase and muscle cells (VSMCs) mineralization, according to "Natural antioxidants and vascular calcification: a possible benefit" by Roman-Garcia P, Barrio-Vazquez S, Fernandez-Martin JL, Ruiz-Torres MP, Cannata-Andia JB.(2)
3. Liver diseases
In the observation of Silymarin from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum and its anti liver diseases effect found that the efficacy of silymarin may be more readily observed in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients because of their higher flavonolignan plasma concentrations and more extensive enterohepatic cycling compared with those in HCV patients, according to the study of "Differences in the Disposition of Silymarin between Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Hepatitis C" by Schrieber SJ, Hawke RL, Wen Z, Smith PC, Reddy KR, Wahed AS, Belle SH, Afdhal NH, Navarro VJ, Meyers CM, Doo E, Fried MW.(3)
4. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of Silymarin, derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Milk thistle and its anti inflammatory effect in chronic hepatitis C patient found that Silymarin exerts anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects, and suggest that complementary and alternative medicine-based approaches may assist in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C, according to "Inhibition of T-cell inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte NF-kappaB signaling, and HCV infection by standardized Silymarin" by Polyak SJ, Morishima C, Shuhart MC, Wang CC, Liu Y, Lee DY.(4)
5. Prostate cancer
In the analyzing silibinin, a polyphenolic flavonolignan derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianium) and it effects in prostate cancer found that 13 g of oral silybin-phytosome daily, in 3 divided doses, appears to be well tolerated in patients with advanced prostate cancer and is the recommended phase II dose. Asymptomatic liver toxicity is the most commonly seen adverse event, according to "A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of silybin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients" by Flaig TW, Gustafson DL, Su LJ, Zirrolli JA, Crighton F, Harrison GS, Pierson AS, Agarwal R, Glodé LM.(5)
6. Memory impairment
In demonstration of silibinin and it effect in brain energy metabolism found that pretreatment with silibinin (100 and 200mg/kg, po) attenuated STZ induced memory impairment by reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress and synaptosomal calcium ion level. Further, silibinin dose dependently restored ATP level indicating improvement in brain energy metabolism, according to "Improvement of brain energy metabolism and cholinergic functions contributes to the beneficial effects of silibinin against streptozotocin induced memory impairment" by Tota S, Kamat PK, Shukla R, Nath C.(6)
7. Bladder cancer
In the investigation of silibinin and it effect on bladder cancer found that oral silibinin suppressed the growth of 5637 xenografts, which was accompanied with the activation of caspase-3, downregulation of survivin, and increased translocation of AIF. Furthermore, intravesical silibinin effectively inhibited the carcinogenesis and progression of bladder cancer in rats initiated by MNU by reducing the incidence of superficial and invasive bladder lesions without any side effects, which was accompanied with proapoptotic effects, according to "Chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of intravesical silibinin against bladder cancer by acting on mitochondria" by Zeng J, Sun Y, Wu K, Li L, Zhang G, Yang Z, Wang Z, Zhang D, Xue Y, Chen Y, Zhu G, Wang X, He D.(7)
(8) Fibrosarcoma
In the study of silibinin and it effects in fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells found that silibinin-induced autophagy was a positive regulator of apoptotic cell death, it was possible that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p38-NF-κB mediated silibinin-induced autophagy and eventually led to cell death, according to "Silibinin activated ROS-p38-NF-κB positive feedback and induced autophagic death in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells" by Duan WJ, Li QS, Xia MY, Tashiro S, Onodera S, Ikejima T.(8)
9. Alzheimer's disease (AD)
In the demonstration of silibinin and its effect on Aβ aggregation found that silibinin prevented SH-SY5Y cells from injuries caused by Aβ(1-42)-induced oxidative stress by decreasing H(2)O(2) production in Aβ(1-42)-stressed neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that silibinin may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD, according to "Silibinin: A novel inhibitor of Aβ aggregation" by Yin F, Liu J, Ji X, Wang Y, Zidichouski J, Zhang J.(9)
10. Breast cancer
in the investigation of Silibinin, a natural flavonoid and its anti breast cancer cell MCF7 and T47D found that apoptotic events in both cell types differ temporally and also by magnitude that involved mitochondrial and caspase-8 activation pathway. These results have relevance in understanding silibinin treatment to breast tumor, according to "Silibinin-induced apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D human breast carcinoma cells involves caspase-8 activation and mitochondrial pathway" by Tiwari P, Kumar A, Balakrishnan S, Kushwaha HS, Mishra KP.(10)
11. Acute Myeloid leukemia (AML)
in the researcher of silibinin on proliferation and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells found that the cross-talk mechanism mediated by caspase-8-dependent Bid cleavage can contribute to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by curcumin + carnosic acid. Collectively, these results suggest a mechanistic basis for the potential use of dietary plant polyphenol combinations in the treatment and prevention of AML, according to "Distinct combinatorial effects of the plant polyphenols curcumin, carnosic acid, and silibinin on proliferation and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells" by Pesakhov S, Khanin M, Studzinski GP, Danilenko M.(11)
12. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928794
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928237
(3) http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2011/08/24/dmd.111.040212.abstract
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17484885
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17077998
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382422
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220495
(8) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10286020.2010.540757?journalCode=ganp20
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185897
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166494
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20661831
Phytochemicals - 10 Health Benefits of Eriodictyol
Eriodictyol is a Flavanones,
belonging to the flavonoid in Flavonoids extracted from Yerba Santa,
twigs of Millettia duchesnei and certain types of fruit and herb.
Health Benefits
1. Cytoprotective effect
In the study of exact of eriodictyol and its molecular mechanism of the cellular effects found that t eriodictyol may lead to protection of keratinocytes from UV-induced cytotoxicity by modulating both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways in a phosphatase-dependent manner, according to "Cytoprotective effect of eriodictyol in UV-irradiated keratinocytes via phosphatase-dependent modulation of both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways" by Lee ER, Kim JH, Choi HY, Jeon K, Cho SG.(1)
2. Anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effect
In the investigation of 10 different flavonoids and assessed their role on UV-induced apoptosis of human keratinocytes, the principal cell type of epidermis found that eriodictyol treatment apparently reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, concomitant with the repression of caspase-3 activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects of eriodictyol were also confirmed in UV-induced cell death of normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells, according to "The anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effect of eriodictyol on UV-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes" by Lee ER, Kim JH, Kang YJ, Cho SG.(2)
3. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages among the four similar structure flavonoids found that pre-treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with eriodictyol reduced the expression of mRNA and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These inhibitory effects were found to be caused by blockage of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), according to "Anti-inflammatory effects of eriodictyol in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7 murine macrophages" by Lee JK.(3)
4. Capillary electrophoresis
In the investigation of separation of five flavanones and flavanone-7-O-glycosides, including naringenin, hesperetin, eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and hesperidin and their effect in α-Cyclosophoro-octadecaoses (α-C18), produced by Rhodobacter sphaeroides found that successful chiral separation critically depends on the presence of succinate substituents attached to α-C18 in CE, suggesting that succinoylation of α-C18 is decisive for effective stereoisomeric separation, according to "Stereoisomeric separation of some flavanones using highly succinate-substituted α-cyclosophoro-octadecaoses as chiral additives in capillary electrophoresis' by Kwon C, Jung S.(4)
5. Neoplastic cell transformation
In the demonstration oferiodictyol, a flavanone found in fruits and its suppresses EGF-induced neoplastic cell transformation found that eriodictyol inhibited phosphorylation of ATF1 but had no effect on the phosphorylation of RSK, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 or JNKs, indicating that eriodictyol specifically suppresses RSK2 signaling. Furthermore, eriodictyol inhibited RSK2-mediated ATF1 transactivation and tumor promoter-induced transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells. Eriodictyol or knockdown of RSK2 or ATF1 also suppressed Ras-mediated focus formation, according to "Eriodictyol inhibits RSK2-ATF1 signaling and suppresses EGF-induced neoplastic cell transformation" by Liu K, Cho YY, Yao K, Nadas J, Kim DJ, Cho EJ, Lee MH, Pugliese A, Zhang J, Bode AM, Dong Z, Dong Z.(5)
6. Antiproteasomal agent
In the study of flavanone glycoside and flavone glycoside compounds and their Antiproteasomal effect found that kaempferol, a well known and widely distributed flavonoid in the plant kingdom, was the most active antiproteasomal agent, followed by apigenin, eriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside, 3,5-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and salidroside, respectively, according to "Phenolic Glycosides with antiproteasomal activity from Centaurea urvillei DC. subsp. urvillei" by Gülcemal D, Alankuş-Çalışkan O, Karaalp C, Ors AU, Ballar P, Bedir E.(6)
7. Melanogenesis
In the investigation of phytochemicals and their effect in Melanogenesis found that isolated, anastatin A, silybin A, isosilybins A and B, eriodictyol, luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, hierochins A and B, (2R,3S)-2,3-dihydro-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-(2-formylvinyl)-7-hydroxybenzofuran, (+)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, (+)-balanophonin, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}-1,3-propanediol, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde substantially inhibited melanogenesis with IC(50) values of 6.1-32 microM, according to "Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells" by Nakashima S, Matsuda H, Oda Y, Nakamura S, Xu F, Yoshikawa M.(7)
8. Antimicrobial effect
In the research of flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel and its antimicrobial potency found that pairwise combinations of eriodictyol, naringenin and hesperetin showed both synergistic and indifferent interactions that were dependent on the test indicator organism, according to "Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a byproduct of the essential oil industry" by Mandalari G, Bennett RN, Bisignano G, Trombetta D, Saija A, Faulds CB, Gasson MJ, Narbad A.(8)
9. Antiplatelet activity
In the investigation of ethanol summary extract and four flavonoids from Leuzea carthamoide, including eriodictyol (1) and patuletin (2) influenced COL- and AA-induced aggregation. Their IC(50) values are presented. Flavonoid glycosides eriodictyol-7-beta-glucopyranoside (3) and 6-hydroxykaempferol-7-O-(6''-O-acetyl-beta-D[small cap]-glucopyranoside) (4) and their antiplatelet activity found that found to be weak antiplatelet agents. These results confirmed the fact that glucosylation decreases the antiplatelet activity. according to "In vitro antiplatelet activity of flavonoids from Leuzea carthamoides" by Koleckar V, Brojerova E, Rehakova Z, Kubikova K, Cervenka F, Kuca K, Jun D, Hronek M, Opletalova V, Opletal L.(9)
10. Protozoan infection
In the evaluation of Bioassay-guided fractionation of a Satureja parvifolia MeOH extract led to the isolation of eriodictyol, luteolin and ursolic and oleanolic acids found that Antiplasmodial activity of eriodictyol and luteolin is reported here for the first time. Besides, the four compounds showed activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, according to "Triterpenic acids and flavonoids from Satureja parvifolia. Evaluation of their antiprotozoal activity" by van Baren C, Anao I, Leo Di Lira P, Debenedetti S, Houghton P, Croft S, Martino V.(10)
11. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21691069
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17202655
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21544733
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21093852
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098035
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937505
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189399
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045389
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18161506
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16729575
Health Benefits
1. Cytoprotective effect
In the study of exact of eriodictyol and its molecular mechanism of the cellular effects found that t eriodictyol may lead to protection of keratinocytes from UV-induced cytotoxicity by modulating both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways in a phosphatase-dependent manner, according to "Cytoprotective effect of eriodictyol in UV-irradiated keratinocytes via phosphatase-dependent modulation of both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways" by Lee ER, Kim JH, Choi HY, Jeon K, Cho SG.(1)
2. Anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effect
In the investigation of 10 different flavonoids and assessed their role on UV-induced apoptosis of human keratinocytes, the principal cell type of epidermis found that eriodictyol treatment apparently reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, concomitant with the repression of caspase-3 activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects of eriodictyol were also confirmed in UV-induced cell death of normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells, according to "The anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effect of eriodictyol on UV-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes" by Lee ER, Kim JH, Kang YJ, Cho SG.(2)
3. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages among the four similar structure flavonoids found that pre-treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with eriodictyol reduced the expression of mRNA and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These inhibitory effects were found to be caused by blockage of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), according to "Anti-inflammatory effects of eriodictyol in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7 murine macrophages" by Lee JK.(3)
4. Capillary electrophoresis
In the investigation of separation of five flavanones and flavanone-7-O-glycosides, including naringenin, hesperetin, eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and hesperidin and their effect in α-Cyclosophoro-octadecaoses (α-C18), produced by Rhodobacter sphaeroides found that successful chiral separation critically depends on the presence of succinate substituents attached to α-C18 in CE, suggesting that succinoylation of α-C18 is decisive for effective stereoisomeric separation, according to "Stereoisomeric separation of some flavanones using highly succinate-substituted α-cyclosophoro-octadecaoses as chiral additives in capillary electrophoresis' by Kwon C, Jung S.(4)
5. Neoplastic cell transformation
In the demonstration oferiodictyol, a flavanone found in fruits and its suppresses EGF-induced neoplastic cell transformation found that eriodictyol inhibited phosphorylation of ATF1 but had no effect on the phosphorylation of RSK, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 or JNKs, indicating that eriodictyol specifically suppresses RSK2 signaling. Furthermore, eriodictyol inhibited RSK2-mediated ATF1 transactivation and tumor promoter-induced transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells. Eriodictyol or knockdown of RSK2 or ATF1 also suppressed Ras-mediated focus formation, according to "Eriodictyol inhibits RSK2-ATF1 signaling and suppresses EGF-induced neoplastic cell transformation" by Liu K, Cho YY, Yao K, Nadas J, Kim DJ, Cho EJ, Lee MH, Pugliese A, Zhang J, Bode AM, Dong Z, Dong Z.(5)
6. Antiproteasomal agent
In the study of flavanone glycoside and flavone glycoside compounds and their Antiproteasomal effect found that kaempferol, a well known and widely distributed flavonoid in the plant kingdom, was the most active antiproteasomal agent, followed by apigenin, eriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside, 3,5-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and salidroside, respectively, according to "Phenolic Glycosides with antiproteasomal activity from Centaurea urvillei DC. subsp. urvillei" by Gülcemal D, Alankuş-Çalışkan O, Karaalp C, Ors AU, Ballar P, Bedir E.(6)
7. Melanogenesis
In the investigation of phytochemicals and their effect in Melanogenesis found that isolated, anastatin A, silybin A, isosilybins A and B, eriodictyol, luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, hierochins A and B, (2R,3S)-2,3-dihydro-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-(2-formylvinyl)-7-hydroxybenzofuran, (+)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, (+)-balanophonin, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}-1,3-propanediol, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde substantially inhibited melanogenesis with IC(50) values of 6.1-32 microM, according to "Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells" by Nakashima S, Matsuda H, Oda Y, Nakamura S, Xu F, Yoshikawa M.(7)
8. Antimicrobial effect
In the research of flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel and its antimicrobial potency found that pairwise combinations of eriodictyol, naringenin and hesperetin showed both synergistic and indifferent interactions that were dependent on the test indicator organism, according to "Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a byproduct of the essential oil industry" by Mandalari G, Bennett RN, Bisignano G, Trombetta D, Saija A, Faulds CB, Gasson MJ, Narbad A.(8)
9. Antiplatelet activity
In the investigation of ethanol summary extract and four flavonoids from Leuzea carthamoide, including eriodictyol (1) and patuletin (2) influenced COL- and AA-induced aggregation. Their IC(50) values are presented. Flavonoid glycosides eriodictyol-7-beta-glucopyranoside (3) and 6-hydroxykaempferol-7-O-(6''-O-acetyl-beta-D[small cap]-glucopyranoside) (4) and their antiplatelet activity found that found to be weak antiplatelet agents. These results confirmed the fact that glucosylation decreases the antiplatelet activity. according to "In vitro antiplatelet activity of flavonoids from Leuzea carthamoides" by Koleckar V, Brojerova E, Rehakova Z, Kubikova K, Cervenka F, Kuca K, Jun D, Hronek M, Opletalova V, Opletal L.(9)
10. Protozoan infection
In the evaluation of Bioassay-guided fractionation of a Satureja parvifolia MeOH extract led to the isolation of eriodictyol, luteolin and ursolic and oleanolic acids found that Antiplasmodial activity of eriodictyol and luteolin is reported here for the first time. Besides, the four compounds showed activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, according to "Triterpenic acids and flavonoids from Satureja parvifolia. Evaluation of their antiprotozoal activity" by van Baren C, Anao I, Leo Di Lira P, Debenedetti S, Houghton P, Croft S, Martino V.(10)
11. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21691069
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17202655
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21544733
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21093852
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098035
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937505
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189399
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045389
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18161506
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16729575
Phytochemicals - 13 Health Benefits of Apigenin
Apigenin (4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a flavone
or citrus bioflavonoids found in high amounts in fruits, vegetables
red wine and tomato sauce and several herbs including parsley, thyme,
and peppermint.
Health Benefits
1. Promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells
In the study of non-mutagenic flavonoid apigenin 7-glucoside and its effect in cancer prevention through cancer cell differentiation, found that Apigenin 7-glucoside inhibited HL-60 cell growth, dose- and time-dependently, but did not cause apoptosis. The distribution of cells at different stages in the cell cycle indicated an accumulation of treated cells in G(2)/M phase. Moreover, apigenin 7-glucoside induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells, according to "Proteomic study of granulocytic differentiation induced by apigenin 7-glucoside in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells" by Nakazaki E, Tsolmon S, Han J, Isoda H.(1)
2. Anti-adipogenic Effect
In the investigation of apigenin, a plant flavonoid, on adipogenesis and its effect in adipogenesis found that Apigenin suppressed adipocyte differentiation of mouse adipocytic 3T3-L1 cells and reduced the accumulation of intracellular lipids.Thus, dietary apigenin may contribute to lower body-fat content and body-weight gain through the activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), according to "Anti-adipogenic Effect of Dietary Apigenin through Activation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 Cells" by Ono M, Fujimori K.(2)
3. Cancer prevention
In the study of apigenin, a naturally occurring plant flavone, abundantly present in common fruits and vegetables and it anti oxidative process indicated that human clinical trials examining the effect of supplementation of apigenin on disease prevention have not been conducted, although there is considerable potential for apigenin to be developed as a cancer chemopreventive agent, according to "Apigenin: a promising molecule for cancer prevention" by Shukla S, Gupta S.(3)
4. Colon cancer
In the investigation of dietary apigenin and naringenin and their effect against colon cancer found that the ability of dietary apigenin and naringenin to reduce HMACF, lower proliferation (naringenin only) and increase apoptosis may contribute toward colon cancer prevention. However, these effects were not due to mitigation of iNOS and COX-2 protein levels at the ACF stage of colon cancer, according to "Apigenin and naringenin suppress colon carcinogenesis through the aberrant crypt stage in azoxymethane-treated rats" by Leonardi T, Vanamala J, Taddeo SS, Davidson LA, Murphy ME, Patil BS, Wang N, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR, Turner ND.(4)
5. Leukemia
In the evaluation of apigenin and it effects human leukemia cells and anti-leukemic activity found that constitutively active myristolated Akt prevented apigenin-induced JNK, caspases activation, and apoptosis. Conversely, LY294002 and a dominant negative construct of Akt potentiated apigenin-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells, according to "Apigenin induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells and exhibits anti-leukemic activity in vivo via inactivation of Akt and activation of JNK" by Budhraja A, Gao N, Zhang Z, Son YO, Cheng S, Wang X, Ding S, Hitron A, Chen G, Luo J, Shi X.(5)
(6) Antioxidant Activity
In the observation of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction of bioactive compounds including flavonoids and phenolics from Ampelopsis grossedentata stems found that flavonoids and phenolics were found to be mainly responsible for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of the extracts, but not for the chelating activity on ferrous ion according to Pearson correlation analysis. Furthermore, several unreported flavonoids such as apigenin, vitexin, luteolin, etc., have been detected in the extracts from A. grossedentata stems, according to "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Ampelopsis grossedentata Stems: Process Optimization and Antioxidant Activity" by Wang Y, Ying L, Sun D, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Xu P.(6)
7. Apoptotic Effects
In the analyzing the molecular mechanism of these compounds (genistein, biochanin-A and apigenin) in PC-3 (hormone-independent/p53 mutant type) and their anti prostate cancer effect
found that apoptosis of prostate cancer cells was associated with p21 up-regulation and PLK-1 suppression. Exposure of genistein, biochanin-A and apigenin on LNCaP (hormone-dependent/p53 wild type) and PC-3 (hormone-independent/p53 mutant type) prostate cancer cells resulted in same pattern of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, according to "Apoptotic Effects of Genistein, Biochanin-A and Apigenin on LNCaP and PC-3 Cells by p21 through Transcriptional Inhibition of Polo-like Kinase-1" by Seo YJ, Kim BS, Chun SY, Park YK, Kang KS, Kwon TG.(7)
8. Atherosclerosis (AS)
In the identification of Twenty-three flavonoids categorized into flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, and flavanones, including apigenin and theirs vascular endothelial dysfunction effect found that the effective agents in inhibiting endothelial dysfunction include myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, genistein and daidzein. Our work might provide some evidence for atherosclerosis (AS) prevention and a strategy for the design of novel AS preventive agents, according to "Chemical Structures of 4-Oxo-Flavonoids in Relation to Inhibition of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-Induced Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction" by Yi L, Jin X, Chen CY, Fu YJ, Zhang T, Chang H, Zhou Y, Zhu JD, Zhang QY, Mi MT.(8)
9. Hepatoprotective activity
In the demonstratyion of four known flavonoids were isolated (scutellarein 6-methyl ether, dihydroquercetin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, and apigenin-7-neohesperidoside), from the bulbs of P. michuacana and theirs hepatoprotective effect found that Compounds 1, 4, and 5 were found to exhibit good hepatoprotective effect. These effects were comparable to that of the standard drug silymarin, a well-known hepatoprotective agent according to "Effect of flavonoids from Prosthechea michuacana on carbon tetrachloride induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice" Perez Gutierrez RM, Anaya Sosa I, Hoyo Vadillo C, Victoria TC.(9)
10. Lung cancer
in the observation of Apigenin and its effect in significantly suppressed the proliferation of four types of human lung cancer cells found that apigenin widely inhibits cell proliferation of various lung cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and the combination treatment of apigenin and antitumor drugs is very effective in human lung cancer cells, and Nrf2-ARE pathway may contribute to the mechanism, according to "[Anti-proliferation and chemo-sensitization effects of apigenin on human lung cancer cells].[Article in Chinese]' by Ren HY, Tang XW(10)
11. Oral cancer
In the evaluation of apigenin and it effect in hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesi found that that apigenin might have inhibited oral carcinogenesis by improving the status of antioxidant defense mechanism and modulated the activities of phase I and phase II detoxification cascade toward increased excretion of active metabolite of DMBA, during DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis, according to "Chemopreventive potential of apigenin in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced experimental oral carcinogenesis' by Silvan S, Manoharan S, Baskaran N, Anusuya C, Karthikeyan S, Prabhakar MM.(11)
12. Antiviral Activity
in the observation of C-glycosides, luteolin 6- C- α-L-arabinopyranosyl-7- O- β-D-glucopyranoside ( 1), apigenin 6- C- β-D-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside ( 2), luteolin 6- C- β-D-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside ( 3), and luteolin 6- C- β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-L-arabinofuranoside ( 4) from the Leaves of Lophatherum gracile and their antiviral activity found that the flavone were screened for their IN VITRO antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay, and several flavone 6- C-monoglycosides showed potent IN VITRO anti-RSV effect, according to "Flavone C-glycosides from the Leaves of Lophatherum gracile and Their In Vitro Antiviral Activity" by Wang Y, Chen M, Zhang J, Zhang XL, Huang XJ, Wu X, Zhang QW, Li YL, Ye WC.(12)
13. Haemostasis
In the evaluation of isolation of apigenin (1), apigenin-7-O-glucoside or cosmosiin (2), apigenin-7-O-apiosyl-(1 --> 2)-O-glucoside or apiin (3) and the coumarin 2",3"-dihydroxyfuranocoumarin or oxypeucedanin hydrate (4) of the aqueous extract (Pc) of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) leaves and theirs effect on haemostasis found that Pc, apigenin and cosmosiin interfere on haemostasis inhibiting platelet aggregation, according to "Phenolic chemical composition of Petroselinum crispum extract and its effect on haemostasis" by Chaves DS, Frattani FS, Assafim M, de Almeida AP, de Zingali RB, Costa SS.(13)
14. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113421
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22098587
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874462/
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20511675
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22084167
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072923
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065906
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22016603
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014261
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21984153
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21970806
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870321
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21834233
Health Benefits
1. Promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells
In the study of non-mutagenic flavonoid apigenin 7-glucoside and its effect in cancer prevention through cancer cell differentiation, found that Apigenin 7-glucoside inhibited HL-60 cell growth, dose- and time-dependently, but did not cause apoptosis. The distribution of cells at different stages in the cell cycle indicated an accumulation of treated cells in G(2)/M phase. Moreover, apigenin 7-glucoside induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells, according to "Proteomic study of granulocytic differentiation induced by apigenin 7-glucoside in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells" by Nakazaki E, Tsolmon S, Han J, Isoda H.(1)
2. Anti-adipogenic Effect
In the investigation of apigenin, a plant flavonoid, on adipogenesis and its effect in adipogenesis found that Apigenin suppressed adipocyte differentiation of mouse adipocytic 3T3-L1 cells and reduced the accumulation of intracellular lipids.Thus, dietary apigenin may contribute to lower body-fat content and body-weight gain through the activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), according to "Anti-adipogenic Effect of Dietary Apigenin through Activation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 Cells" by Ono M, Fujimori K.(2)
3. Cancer prevention
In the study of apigenin, a naturally occurring plant flavone, abundantly present in common fruits and vegetables and it anti oxidative process indicated that human clinical trials examining the effect of supplementation of apigenin on disease prevention have not been conducted, although there is considerable potential for apigenin to be developed as a cancer chemopreventive agent, according to "Apigenin: a promising molecule for cancer prevention" by Shukla S, Gupta S.(3)
4. Colon cancer
In the investigation of dietary apigenin and naringenin and their effect against colon cancer found that the ability of dietary apigenin and naringenin to reduce HMACF, lower proliferation (naringenin only) and increase apoptosis may contribute toward colon cancer prevention. However, these effects were not due to mitigation of iNOS and COX-2 protein levels at the ACF stage of colon cancer, according to "Apigenin and naringenin suppress colon carcinogenesis through the aberrant crypt stage in azoxymethane-treated rats" by Leonardi T, Vanamala J, Taddeo SS, Davidson LA, Murphy ME, Patil BS, Wang N, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR, Turner ND.(4)
5. Leukemia
In the evaluation of apigenin and it effects human leukemia cells and anti-leukemic activity found that constitutively active myristolated Akt prevented apigenin-induced JNK, caspases activation, and apoptosis. Conversely, LY294002 and a dominant negative construct of Akt potentiated apigenin-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells, according to "Apigenin induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells and exhibits anti-leukemic activity in vivo via inactivation of Akt and activation of JNK" by Budhraja A, Gao N, Zhang Z, Son YO, Cheng S, Wang X, Ding S, Hitron A, Chen G, Luo J, Shi X.(5)
(6) Antioxidant Activity
In the observation of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction of bioactive compounds including flavonoids and phenolics from Ampelopsis grossedentata stems found that flavonoids and phenolics were found to be mainly responsible for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of the extracts, but not for the chelating activity on ferrous ion according to Pearson correlation analysis. Furthermore, several unreported flavonoids such as apigenin, vitexin, luteolin, etc., have been detected in the extracts from A. grossedentata stems, according to "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Ampelopsis grossedentata Stems: Process Optimization and Antioxidant Activity" by Wang Y, Ying L, Sun D, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Xu P.(6)
7. Apoptotic Effects
In the analyzing the molecular mechanism of these compounds (genistein, biochanin-A and apigenin) in PC-3 (hormone-independent/p53 mutant type) and their anti prostate cancer effect
found that apoptosis of prostate cancer cells was associated with p21 up-regulation and PLK-1 suppression. Exposure of genistein, biochanin-A and apigenin on LNCaP (hormone-dependent/p53 wild type) and PC-3 (hormone-independent/p53 mutant type) prostate cancer cells resulted in same pattern of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, according to "Apoptotic Effects of Genistein, Biochanin-A and Apigenin on LNCaP and PC-3 Cells by p21 through Transcriptional Inhibition of Polo-like Kinase-1" by Seo YJ, Kim BS, Chun SY, Park YK, Kang KS, Kwon TG.(7)
8. Atherosclerosis (AS)
In the identification of Twenty-three flavonoids categorized into flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, and flavanones, including apigenin and theirs vascular endothelial dysfunction effect found that the effective agents in inhibiting endothelial dysfunction include myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, genistein and daidzein. Our work might provide some evidence for atherosclerosis (AS) prevention and a strategy for the design of novel AS preventive agents, according to "Chemical Structures of 4-Oxo-Flavonoids in Relation to Inhibition of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-Induced Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction" by Yi L, Jin X, Chen CY, Fu YJ, Zhang T, Chang H, Zhou Y, Zhu JD, Zhang QY, Mi MT.(8)
9. Hepatoprotective activity
In the demonstratyion of four known flavonoids were isolated (scutellarein 6-methyl ether, dihydroquercetin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, and apigenin-7-neohesperidoside), from the bulbs of P. michuacana and theirs hepatoprotective effect found that Compounds 1, 4, and 5 were found to exhibit good hepatoprotective effect. These effects were comparable to that of the standard drug silymarin, a well-known hepatoprotective agent according to "Effect of flavonoids from Prosthechea michuacana on carbon tetrachloride induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice" Perez Gutierrez RM, Anaya Sosa I, Hoyo Vadillo C, Victoria TC.(9)
10. Lung cancer
in the observation of Apigenin and its effect in significantly suppressed the proliferation of four types of human lung cancer cells found that apigenin widely inhibits cell proliferation of various lung cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and the combination treatment of apigenin and antitumor drugs is very effective in human lung cancer cells, and Nrf2-ARE pathway may contribute to the mechanism, according to "[Anti-proliferation and chemo-sensitization effects of apigenin on human lung cancer cells].[Article in Chinese]' by Ren HY, Tang XW(10)
11. Oral cancer
In the evaluation of apigenin and it effect in hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesi found that that apigenin might have inhibited oral carcinogenesis by improving the status of antioxidant defense mechanism and modulated the activities of phase I and phase II detoxification cascade toward increased excretion of active metabolite of DMBA, during DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis, according to "Chemopreventive potential of apigenin in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced experimental oral carcinogenesis' by Silvan S, Manoharan S, Baskaran N, Anusuya C, Karthikeyan S, Prabhakar MM.(11)
12. Antiviral Activity
in the observation of C-glycosides, luteolin 6- C- α-L-arabinopyranosyl-7- O- β-D-glucopyranoside ( 1), apigenin 6- C- β-D-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside ( 2), luteolin 6- C- β-D-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside ( 3), and luteolin 6- C- β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-L-arabinofuranoside ( 4) from the Leaves of Lophatherum gracile and their antiviral activity found that the flavone were screened for their IN VITRO antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay, and several flavone 6- C-monoglycosides showed potent IN VITRO anti-RSV effect, according to "Flavone C-glycosides from the Leaves of Lophatherum gracile and Their In Vitro Antiviral Activity" by Wang Y, Chen M, Zhang J, Zhang XL, Huang XJ, Wu X, Zhang QW, Li YL, Ye WC.(12)
13. Haemostasis
In the evaluation of isolation of apigenin (1), apigenin-7-O-glucoside or cosmosiin (2), apigenin-7-O-apiosyl-(1 --> 2)-O-glucoside or apiin (3) and the coumarin 2",3"-dihydroxyfuranocoumarin or oxypeucedanin hydrate (4) of the aqueous extract (Pc) of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) leaves and theirs effect on haemostasis found that Pc, apigenin and cosmosiin interfere on haemostasis inhibiting platelet aggregation, according to "Phenolic chemical composition of Petroselinum crispum extract and its effect on haemostasis" by Chaves DS, Frattani FS, Assafim M, de Almeida AP, de Zingali RB, Costa SS.(13)
14. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113421
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22098587
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874462/
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20511675
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22084167
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072923
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065906
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22016603
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014261
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21984153
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21970806
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870321
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21834233
Phytochemicals in Foods - 12 Health Benefits of Tangeritin
Tangeritin, one of the flavones, is found in tangerine and many citrus peels
Health benefits
1. Cholesterol
In the investigation of the formulations containing citrus polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), mainly tangeretin, or citrus flavanone glucosides, hesperidin and naringin and theirs anti hypercholesterolemia effect found that PMFs are novel flavonoids with cholesterol- and triacylglycerol-lowering potential and that elevated levels of PMF metabolites in the liver might be directly responsible for their hypolipidemic effects in vivo, according to "Hypolipidemic Effects and Absorption of Citrus Polymethoxylated Flavones in Hamsters with Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia" by Elzbieta M. Kurowska and John A. Manthey, KGK Synergize Inc.(1)
2. Neuroprotective effects
In the evaluation of neuroprotective effects of a natural antioxidant tangeretin, a citrus flavonoid and its effect on Parkinson's disease found that tangeretin crosses the blood-brain barrier. The significant protection of striato-nigral integrity and functionality by tangeretin suggests its potential use as a neuroprotective agent, according to "Tissue distribution and neuroprotective effects of citrus flavonoid tangeretin in a rat model of Parkinson's disease" by Datla KP, Christidou M, Widmer WW, Rooprai HK, Dexter DT.(2)
3. Anti- cancer
In the observation of tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone) and its effect in human promyelocytic leukaemia HL-60 cells, found that Tangeretin showed no cytotoxicity against either HL-60 cells or mitogen-activated PBMCs even at high concentration (27 microM) as determined by a dye exclusion test. Moreover, the flavonoid was less effective on growth of human T-lymphocytic leukaemia MOLT-4 cells or on blastogenesis of PBMCs. These results suggest that tangeretin inhibits growth of HL-60 cells in vitro, partially through induction of apoptosis, without causing serious side-effects on immune cells, according to " Citrus flavone tangeretin inhibits leukaemic HL-60 cell growth partially through induction of apoptosis with less cytotoxicity on normal lymphocytes" by T. Hirano, K. Abe, M. Gotoh, and K. Oka(3)
4. Antioxidants
In the comparison of hand-pressed juice of polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) and flavanone glycosides (FGs) and the peeled fruit of 'Sainampueng' tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) antioxidant effects found that hand-pressed juice of C. reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng serves as a rich source of PMFs, FGs, carotenoids, and antioxidants: 4-5 tangerine fruits ( approximately 80 g of each fruit) giving one glass of 200 mL hand-pressed juice would provide more than 5 mg of nobiletin and tangeretin and 36 mg of hesperidin, narirutin, and didymin, as well as 30 mg of ascorbic acid, >1 mg of provitamin A active beta-cryptoxanthin, and 200 microg of alpha-tocopherol, according to "Polymethoxylated flavones, flavanone glycosides, carotenoids, and antioxidants in different cultivation types of tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) from Northern Thailand" by
(1) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf035354z
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11726811
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2034105/?tool=pmcentrez
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20420369
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17197076
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903849
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17067555
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17472461
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104801
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11204182
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17923995
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10801247
Health benefits
1. Cholesterol
In the investigation of the formulations containing citrus polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), mainly tangeretin, or citrus flavanone glucosides, hesperidin and naringin and theirs anti hypercholesterolemia effect found that PMFs are novel flavonoids with cholesterol- and triacylglycerol-lowering potential and that elevated levels of PMF metabolites in the liver might be directly responsible for their hypolipidemic effects in vivo, according to "Hypolipidemic Effects and Absorption of Citrus Polymethoxylated Flavones in Hamsters with Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia" by Elzbieta M. Kurowska and John A. Manthey, KGK Synergize Inc.(1)
2. Neuroprotective effects
In the evaluation of neuroprotective effects of a natural antioxidant tangeretin, a citrus flavonoid and its effect on Parkinson's disease found that tangeretin crosses the blood-brain barrier. The significant protection of striato-nigral integrity and functionality by tangeretin suggests its potential use as a neuroprotective agent, according to "Tissue distribution and neuroprotective effects of citrus flavonoid tangeretin in a rat model of Parkinson's disease" by Datla KP, Christidou M, Widmer WW, Rooprai HK, Dexter DT.(2)
3. Anti- cancer
In the observation of tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone) and its effect in human promyelocytic leukaemia HL-60 cells, found that Tangeretin showed no cytotoxicity against either HL-60 cells or mitogen-activated PBMCs even at high concentration (27 microM) as determined by a dye exclusion test. Moreover, the flavonoid was less effective on growth of human T-lymphocytic leukaemia MOLT-4 cells or on blastogenesis of PBMCs. These results suggest that tangeretin inhibits growth of HL-60 cells in vitro, partially through induction of apoptosis, without causing serious side-effects on immune cells, according to " Citrus flavone tangeretin inhibits leukaemic HL-60 cell growth partially through induction of apoptosis with less cytotoxicity on normal lymphocytes" by T. Hirano, K. Abe, M. Gotoh, and K. Oka(3)
4. Antioxidants
In the comparison of hand-pressed juice of polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) and flavanone glycosides (FGs) and the peeled fruit of 'Sainampueng' tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) antioxidant effects found that hand-pressed juice of C. reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng serves as a rich source of PMFs, FGs, carotenoids, and antioxidants: 4-5 tangerine fruits ( approximately 80 g of each fruit) giving one glass of 200 mL hand-pressed juice would provide more than 5 mg of nobiletin and tangeretin and 36 mg of hesperidin, narirutin, and didymin, as well as 30 mg of ascorbic acid, >1 mg of provitamin A active beta-cryptoxanthin, and 200 microg of alpha-tocopherol, according to "Polymethoxylated flavones, flavanone glycosides, carotenoids, and antioxidants in different cultivation types of tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) from Northern Thailand" by
Stuetz W, Prapamontol T, Hongsibsong S, Biesalski HK.(4)
5. Breast and colon cancers
In the analyzing the tangeretin and nobiletin found in citrus flavonoids and theirs effectiveness in inhibiting cancer cell growth found that tangeretin and nobiletin could be effective cytostatic anticancer agents. Inhibition of proliferation of human cancers without inducing cell death may be advantageous in treating tumors as it would restrict proliferation in a manner less likely to induce cytotoxicity and death in normal, non-tumor tissues, according to "Tangeretin and nobiletin induce G1 cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis in human breast and colon cancer cells" by Morley KL, Ferguson PJ, Koropatnick J.(5)
6. Ovarian cancer
In the demonstration of tangeretin, a citrus flavonoid and its inhibition of cancer cell proliferation found that tangeretin exposure preconditions cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells for a conventional response to low-dose cisplatin-induced cell death occurring through downregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, according to "Tangeretin sensitizes cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells through downregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway" by Arafa el-SA, Zhu Q, Barakat BM, Wani G, Zhao Q, El-Mahdy MA, Wani AA.(6)
7. Lung cancer
In the study of tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone), a polymethoxylated flavonoid found in the peel of citrus fruits and its effect in lung cancer found that tangeretin inhibition of IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression in A549 cells is, at least in part, mediated through suppression of NF-kappaB transcription factor as well as through suppression of the signaling proteins of p38 MAPK, JNK, and PI3K, but not of ERK, according to "Tangeretin suppresses IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression through inhibition of p38 MAPK, JNK, and AKT activation in human lung carcinoma cells" by Chen KH, Weng MS, Lin JK.(7)
8. Intestinal tumor
In the investigation of flavonoids with polymethoxyflavones found in Orange peel and theirs association with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities, found that a new Western-style diet (NWD), i.e., AIN-76A diet modified with decreased calcium, vitamin D, and methyl-donor nutrients and increased lipid content) led to increased apoptosis in intestinal tumors, and 0.5% OPE in NWD further increased apoptosis in tumors of the small and large intestine, according to "Chemopreventive effects of orange peel extract (OPE). I: OPE inhibits intestinal tumor growth in ApcMin/+ mice" by Fan K, Kurihara N, Abe S, Ho CT, Ghai G, Yang K.(8)
9. Metastatic melanoma
In the examination of an experimental model of flavonoids tangeretin, rutin, and and theirs effect in diosminpulmonary metastasis and the B16F10 cell subline, found that Rutin- and tangeretin-treated groups also showed reductions of the same index compared with the ethanol group. It would seem that structural factors would better explain these results and the antimetastatic activity of each flavonoid and the respective metabolites, according to "Treatment of metastatic melanoma B16F10 by the flavonoids tangeretin, rutin, and diosmin" by Martínez Conesa C, Vicente Ortega V, Yáñez Gascón MJ, Alcaraz Baños M, Canteras Jordana M, Benavente-García O, Castillo J.(9)
10. Antibacterial activity
In the demonstration of Citrus peels extracts of hexane, chloroform and acetone and their antibacterial effect found that EtOH-soluble fraction yielded three polymethoxylated flavones, namely desmethylnobiletin, nobiletin and tangeretin are found to be most effective and the findings indicated a potential of these natural compounds as biopreservatives in food applications, according to "Antibacterial activity of Citrus reticulata peel extracts" by
Sources5. Breast and colon cancers
In the analyzing the tangeretin and nobiletin found in citrus flavonoids and theirs effectiveness in inhibiting cancer cell growth found that tangeretin and nobiletin could be effective cytostatic anticancer agents. Inhibition of proliferation of human cancers without inducing cell death may be advantageous in treating tumors as it would restrict proliferation in a manner less likely to induce cytotoxicity and death in normal, non-tumor tissues, according to "Tangeretin and nobiletin induce G1 cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis in human breast and colon cancer cells" by Morley KL, Ferguson PJ, Koropatnick J.(5)
6. Ovarian cancer
In the demonstration of tangeretin, a citrus flavonoid and its inhibition of cancer cell proliferation found that tangeretin exposure preconditions cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells for a conventional response to low-dose cisplatin-induced cell death occurring through downregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, according to "Tangeretin sensitizes cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells through downregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway" by Arafa el-SA, Zhu Q, Barakat BM, Wani G, Zhao Q, El-Mahdy MA, Wani AA.(6)
7. Lung cancer
In the study of tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone), a polymethoxylated flavonoid found in the peel of citrus fruits and its effect in lung cancer found that tangeretin inhibition of IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression in A549 cells is, at least in part, mediated through suppression of NF-kappaB transcription factor as well as through suppression of the signaling proteins of p38 MAPK, JNK, and PI3K, but not of ERK, according to "Tangeretin suppresses IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression through inhibition of p38 MAPK, JNK, and AKT activation in human lung carcinoma cells" by Chen KH, Weng MS, Lin JK.(7)
8. Intestinal tumor
In the investigation of flavonoids with polymethoxyflavones found in Orange peel and theirs association with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities, found that a new Western-style diet (NWD), i.e., AIN-76A diet modified with decreased calcium, vitamin D, and methyl-donor nutrients and increased lipid content) led to increased apoptosis in intestinal tumors, and 0.5% OPE in NWD further increased apoptosis in tumors of the small and large intestine, according to "Chemopreventive effects of orange peel extract (OPE). I: OPE inhibits intestinal tumor growth in ApcMin/+ mice" by Fan K, Kurihara N, Abe S, Ho CT, Ghai G, Yang K.(8)
9. Metastatic melanoma
In the examination of an experimental model of flavonoids tangeretin, rutin, and and theirs effect in diosminpulmonary metastasis and the B16F10 cell subline, found that Rutin- and tangeretin-treated groups also showed reductions of the same index compared with the ethanol group. It would seem that structural factors would better explain these results and the antimetastatic activity of each flavonoid and the respective metabolites, according to "Treatment of metastatic melanoma B16F10 by the flavonoids tangeretin, rutin, and diosmin" by Martínez Conesa C, Vicente Ortega V, Yáñez Gascón MJ, Alcaraz Baños M, Canteras Jordana M, Benavente-García O, Castillo J.(9)
10. Antibacterial activity
In the demonstration of Citrus peels extracts of hexane, chloroform and acetone and their antibacterial effect found that EtOH-soluble fraction yielded three polymethoxylated flavones, namely desmethylnobiletin, nobiletin and tangeretin are found to be most effective and the findings indicated a potential of these natural compounds as biopreservatives in food applications, according to "Antibacterial activity of Citrus reticulata peel extracts" by
Jayaprakasha GK, Negi PS, Sikder S, Rao LJ, Sakariah KK.(10)
11. Antimicrobial activity
In the study of antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane extracts of Citrus spp. peels found that antimicrobial activity especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes: 4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin) from C. limon, according to "Antimicrobial activity of wax and hexane extracts from Citrus spp. peels" by Johann S, Oliveira VL, Pizzolatti MG, Schripsema J, Braz-Filho R, Branco A, Smânia Jr A.(11)
12. Midazolam hydroxylation
In the investigation of the effect of tangeretin on hydroxylation of midazolam found that Tangeretin is a potent regioselective stimulator of midazolam 1'-hydroxylation by human liver microsomes and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid-expressed CYP3A4. However, tangerine juice is unlikely to have any appreciable effect on CYP3A4 in humans. Further studies are required to assess whether in vitro stimulators of CYP3A4 can influence drug metabolism in vivo, according to "Lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of tangeretin and tangerine juice on midazolam hydroxylation" by Backman JT, Mäenpää J, Belle DJ, Wrighton SA, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ.(12)
13. Etc.Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
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11. Antimicrobial activity
In the study of antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane extracts of Citrus spp. peels found that antimicrobial activity especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes: 4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin) from C. limon, according to "Antimicrobial activity of wax and hexane extracts from Citrus spp. peels" by Johann S, Oliveira VL, Pizzolatti MG, Schripsema J, Braz-Filho R, Branco A, Smânia Jr A.(11)
12. Midazolam hydroxylation
In the investigation of the effect of tangeretin on hydroxylation of midazolam found that Tangeretin is a potent regioselective stimulator of midazolam 1'-hydroxylation by human liver microsomes and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid-expressed CYP3A4. However, tangerine juice is unlikely to have any appreciable effect on CYP3A4 in humans. Further studies are required to assess whether in vitro stimulators of CYP3A4 can influence drug metabolism in vivo, according to "Lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of tangeretin and tangerine juice on midazolam hydroxylation" by Backman JT, Mäenpää J, Belle DJ, Wrighton SA, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ.(12)
13. Etc.Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
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(1) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf035354z
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11726811
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2034105/?tool=pmcentrez
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20420369
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17197076
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903849
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17067555
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17472461
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104801
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11204182
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17923995
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10801247
Phytochemicals in Foods - 13 Health Benefits of Luteolin
Luteolin is a yellow crystalline compound of Flavones, belonging to the
class of Flavonoids (polyphenols) found in the leaves, but it is also
seen in celery, thyme, dandelion, rinds, barks, carrots, olive oil,
peppermint, rosemary, navel oranges, oregano, etc.
Health benefits
1. Anti cancer
In the investigation of luteolin, a natural bioflavonoid and its chemopreventive properties found that luteolin-induced apoptosis involves reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, activation of ATR→Chk2→p53 signaling pathway, inhibition of NF-kB signaling pathway, activation of p38 pathway and depletion of anti-apoptotic proteins. Importantly, use of luteolin in these analyses also identified specific molecular characteristics of NCI-ADR/RES and MCF-7/Mito(R) cells that highlight their different tissue origins. according to "Luteolin induces apoptosis in multidrug resistant cancer cells without affecting the drug transporter function: involvement of cell line-specific apoptotic mechanisms." by
Rao PS, Satelli A, Moridani M, Jenkins M, Subrahmanyeswara Rao U.(1)
2. Prostate cancer
In the evaluation of Luteolin, a polyphenolic flavone and its anti-tumor activity for many cancers
found that The enhancement of prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) expression, which induced B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2), N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), and Maspin gene expression, could account for the function of luteolin for anti-proliferation and anti-invasion in LNCaP cells, according to "Upregulation of prostate-derived Ets factor by luteolin causes inhibition of cell prolifertation and cell invasion in prostate carcinoma cells" by Tsui KH, Chung LC, Feng TH, Chang PL, Juang HH.(2)
3. Cancer prevention
In the demonstration of Luteolin, a plant flavonoid and its effecu in inhibition of tumor growth, found that luteolin treatment causes the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that these intracellular ROS in turn mediate AMPK-NF-κB signaling in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, we propose that AMPK is a novel regulator of NF-κB in luteolin-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, our results suggest that AMPK is an attractive target for cancer prevention by flavonoids, according to "Anti-tumor effect of luteolin is accompanied by AMP-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB modulation in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells" by Hwang JT, Park OJ, Lee YK, Sung MJ, Hur HJ, Kim MS, Ha JH, Kwon DY.(3)
4. Hyperresponsiveness and inflammation
In the assessment of assess of the preventive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega3 PUFA) and luteolin supplementation on allergen-induced inflammation found that omega3-luteolin supplementation may have some beneficial effects on airway responsiveness (AR) through a BALF lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)),-dependent pathway in cats with experimentally-induced asthma, according to "Prophylactic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and luteolin on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in cats with experimentally-induced asthma" by Leemans J, Cambier C, Chandler T, Billen F, Clercx C, Kirschvink N, Gustin P.(4)
In the efforts of an effective treatment for Multiple sclerosis (MS) found that luteolin and structurally similar flavonoids can inhibit experimental allergic allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS in rodents. An appropriate luteolin formulation that permits sufficient absorption and reduces its metabolism could be a useful adjuvant to IFN-beta for MS therapy, according to "Luteolin as a therapeutic option for multiple sclerosis" by Theoharides TC.(5)
6. Hypermonoaminergic neuropsychological disorders
In the observation of monoamine transporters in regulating normal and abnormal synaptic activity and theirs effect on various neuropsychological disorders found that luteolin and apigenin function as monoamine transporter activators, which would improve several hypermonoaminergic neuropsychological disorders, especially cocaine dependence, through up-regulating monoamine transporter activity, according to "Functional activation of monoamine transporters by luteolin and apigenin isolated from the fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt" by Zhao G, Qin GW, Wang J, Chu WJ, Guo LH.(6)
7. Nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion
In the determination of the mode of action of luteolin on phisphodiesterase (PDE) 1–5, and the possible adverse effects in nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion,
found that luteolin non-selectively and competitively inhibited PDE1–5, only PDE4 inhibition contributed to a reversing effect. In conclusion, because of the low therapeutic (PDE4H/PDE4L) ratio of luteolin, the gastrointestinal adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and gastric hypersecretion should be carefully monitored, whenever luteolin is used for treating allergies, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, according to "Luteolin, a non-selective competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterases 1–5, displaced [3H]-rolipram from high-affinity rolipram binding sites and reversed xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia" by Ming-Chih Yu, Jun-Hao Chen, Chi-Yin Lai, Cheng-Ying Han, Wun-Chang Ko.(7)
8. Antiarthritic effect
In the research of lonicerin and its effect anti fungal arthritis found that the lonicerin treatment reduced the edema at all dose levels, and, furthermore, there was app. 54% edema reduction in animals given the 2 mg-dose at the peak (day 10) of septic arthritis (p < 0.05). Since the peak, the edema was reduced in similar rates. This antiarthritic activity appeared to be mediated by lonicerin's ability to suppress T cell proliferation, nitric oxide production from macrophages, and shift of cellular immunity from Th1- toward Th2-type responses, all of which are beneficial to treat arthritis, according to "Antiarthritic effect of lonicerin on Candida albicans arthritis in mice" by Lee JH, Han Y.(8)
9. Inflammatory diseases and immune disorders
In the examination of the PRRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses found that TBK1 kinase can be a target for certain flavonoids such as EGCG, luteolin, quercetin, chrysin, and eriodictyol to regulate TRIF-dependent TLR pathways. This review focuses on the features of PRR signaling pathways and the therapeutic targets of intrinsic and extrinsic regulators in order to provide beneficial strategies for controlling the activity of PRRs and the related inflammatory diseases and immune disorders, according to "Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of innate immune receptors" by Jeong E, Lee JY.(9)
10. Mercury-induced toxicity
In the investigation of luteolin and thiosalicylate and theirs effect on human mast cells found that Pretreatment for 10 min with the flavonoid luteolin (0.1 mM) before HgCl2 or thimerosal compeletly blocked their effect. Luteolin and methyl thiosalicylate may be useful in preventing mercury-induced toxicity, according to "Luteolin and thiosalicylate inhibit HgCl(2) and thimerosal-induced VEGF release from human mast cells" by Asadi S, Zhang B, Weng Z, Angelidou A, Kempuraj D, Alysandratos KD, Theoharides TC.(10)
11. Antioxidants
In the observation of luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin and its binding to calf thymus (ct)-DNA
found that in the cell culture medium. Luteolin, followed by apigenin and kaempferol, was shown to be the most effective in protecting DNA from oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide, according to "Spectrophotometric analysis of flavonoid-DNA interactions and DNA damaging/protecting and cytotoxic potential of flavonoids in human peripheral blood lymphocytes" by Rusak G, Piantanida I, Masić L, Kapuralin K, Durgo K, Kopjar N.(11)
12. Osteoporosis
In the evaluation of Flavonoids, found abundantly in plants and their effect in preventing bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) animal models found that Serum biochemical markers assays revealed that luteolin prevents OVX-induced increases in bone turnover. These data strongly suggest that luteolin has the potential for prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis by reducing both osteoclast differentiation and function, according to "The effects of luteolin on osteoclast differentiation, function in vitro and ovariectomy-induced bone loss" by Kim TH, Jung JW, Ha BG, Hong JM, Park EK, Kim HJ, Kim SY.(12)
13. Anti-allergic effects
In the analyzing the structure-activity relationships of 45 flavones, flavonols and their related compounds, luteolin, ayanin, apigenin and fisetin and theirs anti-allergic effects, found that flavonoids inhibit histamine release, synthesis of IL-4 and IL-13 and CD40 ligand expression by basophils. were the strongest inhibitors of IL-4 production with an IC(50) value of 2-5 microM and determined a fundamental structure for the inhibitory activity. The inhibitory activity of flavonoids on IL-4 and CD40 ligand expression was possibly mediated through their inhibitory action on activation of nuclear factors of activated T cells and AP-1., according to "Flavonoids and related compounds as anti-allergic substances" by Kawai M, Hirano T, Higa S, Arimitsu J, Maruta M, Kuwahara Y, Ohkawara T, Hagihara K, Yamadori T, Shima Y, Ogata A, Kawase I, Tanaka T.(13)
14. Etc.Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21792893
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21780100
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468539
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19231257
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19825165
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815045
(7) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299909009224
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656372
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21488180
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21244751
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20637747
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233653
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17384531
Health benefits
1. Anti cancer
In the investigation of luteolin, a natural bioflavonoid and its chemopreventive properties found that luteolin-induced apoptosis involves reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, activation of ATR→Chk2→p53 signaling pathway, inhibition of NF-kB signaling pathway, activation of p38 pathway and depletion of anti-apoptotic proteins. Importantly, use of luteolin in these analyses also identified specific molecular characteristics of NCI-ADR/RES and MCF-7/Mito(R) cells that highlight their different tissue origins. according to "Luteolin induces apoptosis in multidrug resistant cancer cells without affecting the drug transporter function: involvement of cell line-specific apoptotic mechanisms." by
Rao PS, Satelli A, Moridani M, Jenkins M, Subrahmanyeswara Rao U.(1)
2. Prostate cancer
In the evaluation of Luteolin, a polyphenolic flavone and its anti-tumor activity for many cancers
found that The enhancement of prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) expression, which induced B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2), N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), and Maspin gene expression, could account for the function of luteolin for anti-proliferation and anti-invasion in LNCaP cells, according to "Upregulation of prostate-derived Ets factor by luteolin causes inhibition of cell prolifertation and cell invasion in prostate carcinoma cells" by Tsui KH, Chung LC, Feng TH, Chang PL, Juang HH.(2)
3. Cancer prevention
In the demonstration of Luteolin, a plant flavonoid and its effecu in inhibition of tumor growth, found that luteolin treatment causes the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that these intracellular ROS in turn mediate AMPK-NF-κB signaling in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, we propose that AMPK is a novel regulator of NF-κB in luteolin-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, our results suggest that AMPK is an attractive target for cancer prevention by flavonoids, according to "Anti-tumor effect of luteolin is accompanied by AMP-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB modulation in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells" by Hwang JT, Park OJ, Lee YK, Sung MJ, Hur HJ, Kim MS, Ha JH, Kwon DY.(3)
4. Hyperresponsiveness and inflammation
In the assessment of assess of the preventive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega3 PUFA) and luteolin supplementation on allergen-induced inflammation found that omega3-luteolin supplementation may have some beneficial effects on airway responsiveness (AR) through a BALF lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)),-dependent pathway in cats with experimentally-induced asthma, according to "Prophylactic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and luteolin on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in cats with experimentally-induced asthma" by Leemans J, Cambier C, Chandler T, Billen F, Clercx C, Kirschvink N, Gustin P.(4)
5. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
In the efforts of an effective treatment for Multiple sclerosis (MS) found that luteolin and structurally similar flavonoids can inhibit experimental allergic allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS in rodents. An appropriate luteolin formulation that permits sufficient absorption and reduces its metabolism could be a useful adjuvant to IFN-beta for MS therapy, according to "Luteolin as a therapeutic option for multiple sclerosis" by Theoharides TC.(5)
6. Hypermonoaminergic neuropsychological disorders
In the observation of monoamine transporters in regulating normal and abnormal synaptic activity and theirs effect on various neuropsychological disorders found that luteolin and apigenin function as monoamine transporter activators, which would improve several hypermonoaminergic neuropsychological disorders, especially cocaine dependence, through up-regulating monoamine transporter activity, according to "Functional activation of monoamine transporters by luteolin and apigenin isolated from the fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt" by Zhao G, Qin GW, Wang J, Chu WJ, Guo LH.(6)
7. Nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion
In the determination of the mode of action of luteolin on phisphodiesterase (PDE) 1–5, and the possible adverse effects in nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion,
found that luteolin non-selectively and competitively inhibited PDE1–5, only PDE4 inhibition contributed to a reversing effect. In conclusion, because of the low therapeutic (PDE4H/PDE4L) ratio of luteolin, the gastrointestinal adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and gastric hypersecretion should be carefully monitored, whenever luteolin is used for treating allergies, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, according to "Luteolin, a non-selective competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterases 1–5, displaced [3H]-rolipram from high-affinity rolipram binding sites and reversed xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia" by Ming-Chih Yu, Jun-Hao Chen, Chi-Yin Lai, Cheng-Ying Han, Wun-Chang Ko.(7)
8. Antiarthritic effect
In the research of lonicerin and its effect anti fungal arthritis found that the lonicerin treatment reduced the edema at all dose levels, and, furthermore, there was app. 54% edema reduction in animals given the 2 mg-dose at the peak (day 10) of septic arthritis (p < 0.05). Since the peak, the edema was reduced in similar rates. This antiarthritic activity appeared to be mediated by lonicerin's ability to suppress T cell proliferation, nitric oxide production from macrophages, and shift of cellular immunity from Th1- toward Th2-type responses, all of which are beneficial to treat arthritis, according to "Antiarthritic effect of lonicerin on Candida albicans arthritis in mice" by Lee JH, Han Y.(8)
9. Inflammatory diseases and immune disorders
In the examination of the PRRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses found that TBK1 kinase can be a target for certain flavonoids such as EGCG, luteolin, quercetin, chrysin, and eriodictyol to regulate TRIF-dependent TLR pathways. This review focuses on the features of PRR signaling pathways and the therapeutic targets of intrinsic and extrinsic regulators in order to provide beneficial strategies for controlling the activity of PRRs and the related inflammatory diseases and immune disorders, according to "Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of innate immune receptors" by Jeong E, Lee JY.(9)
10. Mercury-induced toxicity
In the investigation of luteolin and thiosalicylate and theirs effect on human mast cells found that Pretreatment for 10 min with the flavonoid luteolin (0.1 mM) before HgCl2 or thimerosal compeletly blocked their effect. Luteolin and methyl thiosalicylate may be useful in preventing mercury-induced toxicity, according to "Luteolin and thiosalicylate inhibit HgCl(2) and thimerosal-induced VEGF release from human mast cells" by Asadi S, Zhang B, Weng Z, Angelidou A, Kempuraj D, Alysandratos KD, Theoharides TC.(10)
11. Antioxidants
In the observation of luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin and its binding to calf thymus (ct)-DNA
found that in the cell culture medium. Luteolin, followed by apigenin and kaempferol, was shown to be the most effective in protecting DNA from oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide, according to "Spectrophotometric analysis of flavonoid-DNA interactions and DNA damaging/protecting and cytotoxic potential of flavonoids in human peripheral blood lymphocytes" by Rusak G, Piantanida I, Masić L, Kapuralin K, Durgo K, Kopjar N.(11)
12. Osteoporosis
In the evaluation of Flavonoids, found abundantly in plants and their effect in preventing bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) animal models found that Serum biochemical markers assays revealed that luteolin prevents OVX-induced increases in bone turnover. These data strongly suggest that luteolin has the potential for prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis by reducing both osteoclast differentiation and function, according to "The effects of luteolin on osteoclast differentiation, function in vitro and ovariectomy-induced bone loss" by Kim TH, Jung JW, Ha BG, Hong JM, Park EK, Kim HJ, Kim SY.(12)
13. Anti-allergic effects
In the analyzing the structure-activity relationships of 45 flavones, flavonols and their related compounds, luteolin, ayanin, apigenin and fisetin and theirs anti-allergic effects, found that flavonoids inhibit histamine release, synthesis of IL-4 and IL-13 and CD40 ligand expression by basophils. were the strongest inhibitors of IL-4 production with an IC(50) value of 2-5 microM and determined a fundamental structure for the inhibitory activity. The inhibitory activity of flavonoids on IL-4 and CD40 ligand expression was possibly mediated through their inhibitory action on activation of nuclear factors of activated T cells and AP-1., according to "Flavonoids and related compounds as anti-allergic substances" by Kawai M, Hirano T, Higa S, Arimitsu J, Maruta M, Kuwahara Y, Ohkawara T, Hagihara K, Yamadori T, Shima Y, Ogata A, Kawase I, Tanaka T.(13)
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21792893
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21780100
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468539
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19231257
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19825165
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815045
(7) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299909009224
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656372
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21488180
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21244751
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20637747
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233653
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17384531
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