Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Thursday, 7 November 2013

Chinese Herbs – Huang Jing (Rhizoma Polygonati)

Huang Jing is also known as Solomon’s Seal. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti-fungal, antibiotic, anti lipid oxidative and anti-stress agent and to lower blood sugar, blood pressure, improve cardiac function and to treat weak digestion, lack of energy, tired, dry mouth, dry cough, etc., as it moistens the Lungs, nourishes Lung-Yin, tonifies the Spleen, benefits the Qi, etc., by enhancing the functions of spleen, lung and kidney channels

Ingredients

1. 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-O-methyl-25
2. 26-diol3-O-β-lycotetraoside (sibiricoside-A)

3. 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-O-methyl-25

4. 26-triol 3-O-β-lycotetraoside (sibiricoside B)

5. Neoprazerigenin A 3-O-β-lycotetraoside
6. Mannose acid
7. Galacturonic acid
8. Etc.

Health Benefits
1. Hypoglycemic activity
In the investigation of the hypoglycemic effect of different dose of Polygonati Rhizoma, i.e., “Ousei”, in both normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, showed that the methanol extract of Polygonati Rhizoma (OM) (800 mg/kg) reduced the blood glucose of normal mice from 202 +/- 7 to 144 +/- 13 mg/100 ml 4 h after intraperitoneal administration (p < 0.01), and also lowered significantly the blood glucose of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice from 589 +/- 34 to 396 +/- 15 mg/100 ml under similar conditions (p < 0.001). However, the hypoglycemic effects were not accompanied by any alteration in the serum insulin in these mice. OM also suppressed epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia in mice, according to “Hypoglycemic activity of polygonati rhizoma in normal and diabetic mice” by Kato A, Miura T.(1) 2. Diabetes prevention
In investigation of “diabetes is usually associated with inflammation. Inflammation contributes to the development of diabetes” from numbers of CTM with anti inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects, found that TCM might exert hypoglycaemic effects that are partly mediated by the anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, small amounts of TCM with potent anti-inflammatory action does not have any hypoglycaemic effect. This indirectly indicates that diabetes may be a low-grade inflammatory disease and potent regulation of inflammatory mediators may not be required. Studies of TCM add new evidences, which indicate that diabetes may be an inflammatory disease and slight or moderate inhibition of inflammation might be useful to prevent the development of diabetes, according to “Diabetes is an inflammatory disease: evidence from traditional Chinese medicines” by Xie W, Du L.(2)
3. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects
In the investigation of the antidiabetic effects of a new herbal formula (NHF) consisting of Polygonati Rhizoma, Rehmanniae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Puerariae Radix, Schizandrae Fructus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were orally administered NHF (300 mg/kg of body weight/day) for 4 weeks, the result showed that NHF treatment significantly increased plasma insulin levels and the number and size of insulin-immunoreactive cells in the pancreas of diabetic rats. Administration of NHF significantly lowered the levels of TBARS and increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in the liver of diabetic rats. In addition, treatment with NHF increased the mRNA levels of GLUT4 in soleus muscle. Therefore NHF may be an effective preventive and therapeutic agent for diabetes mellitus, according to “Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of new herbal formula in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats” by Kim JO, Kim KS, Lee GD, Kwon JH.(3)
4. Cancer prevention
In the investigation of the effect of extracts of some Chinese medical herbs on DNA nicking induced by alternariol.the result of results indicate that substances from FL and RP may be used as DNA protectors. It is possible that they play an important role in preventing cancer, according to “The inhibitory effect of extracts from Fructus lycii and Rhizoma polygonati on in vitro DNA breakage by alternariol” by Xu DS, Kong TQ, Ma JQ.(4)
5. Anti aging
In a report of the studies on 386 traditional effective anti-aging medications, the effects of which on cell generation, survival time, immunomodulation, improvement of visceral and metabolic functions, and anti-infection, and their trace element contents, showed that traditional anti-aging materia medica in China are now well under way and some effective drugs and compound prescriptions have been explored, such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali seu Hedysari, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Herba Epimedii, Cordyceps, Ganoderma Lucidum seu Japonicum, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Radix Acanthopanacis Senticosi, Rhizoma Polygonati, Fructus Lycii, and Poria, according to “Recent advances in studies on traditional Chinese anti-aging materia medica” by Chen K, Li C.(5)
6. Etc.

Side effects

1. Do not use the herb in case of spleen deficiency
2. Do not use the herb in case of cough and abundance of phlegm
3. Do not use Huang Jing in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval first with the related field specialist
4. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8312868
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205111
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19735171
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8721630
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8246603

Chinese Herbs– Chuan Hu Lian (Rhizoma Picrorhizae)

Chuan Hu lian is also known as Figwortflower. The bitter and cool herb has been used in TCM to as antibiotic and anti-amoeba, anti palette coagulation agent and treat heat toxicity, indigestion, diabetes, inflammation of intestine, diarrhea caused by bacterial infection, high fever, restlessness and insomnia, etc., as it clears Heat, dries Dampness, disperses Fire, expels toxins, etc., by enhancing the functions of heart, large intestine, liver, and stomach channels.
Ingredients
1. Erberine C20H17NO32.
2. Colchicine C21H25NO53.
3. Coptisine C19H15NO54.
4.Worenine C21H15NO45.
5.Palmatine C22HC24 H24O5 N.OHO5NOH6.
6.Jatrorrhizine
7. Magnoflorine
8. Etc.
Health Benefits
In the investigation of acrude methanol extract of Picrorhizae Rhizoma, the dried underground parts of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora PENNELL and it potentiates the nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells, showed that Picrosides did not exhibit neurotrophic activity but caused a marked enhancement of the NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells. The pharmacological data suggest that picrosides I and II enhance neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells, probably by amplifying a step in the NGF-receptor-mediated intracellular signaling pathway, according to “Nerve growth factor-potentiating compounds from Picrorhizae Rhizoma” by Li P, Matsunaga K, Ohizumi Y.(1)
2. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of the extracts of the rhizomes of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell (Scrophulariaceae) for their in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory properties, found that Diethyl ether extracts showed potent inhibitory activity towards the classical pathway of the complement system, the respiratory burst of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and mitogen-induced proliferation of T-lymphocytes. Furthermore, such extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity towards carrageenan-induced paw edema. No effects were observed in experimentally induced arthritis in mice, according to “Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora” by Smit HF, Kroes BH, van den Berg AJ, van der Wal D, van den Worm E, Beukelman CJ, van Dijk H, Labadie RP.(2)
3. Free radical scavenging
In the assessment the free radical scavenging potential of P. kurrooa and the antioxidant activity of P. kurrooa extract, showed that The extract (1 mg/ml) showed marked protection (up to 66.68%) against peroxidation of liver phospholipids. Besides, reduced glutathione showed very encouraging activity. The extract also exhibited significant scavenging activity. Thus augmenting the wide use of plant in the indigenous system of medicine, which may partly be due to antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the extract, according to “Free radical scavenging potential of Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth” by Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Rawat AK, Mehrotra S.(3)
4. Neurodegenerative disorders
In the evaluation of Apocynin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone), a constituent of the Himalayan medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa which is regarded as an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, a superoxide-producing enzyme, indicated that the aim of in study is to give an overview of current literature on the neuroprotective effects of apocynin in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Particular attention is given to in vivo studies, according to “The neuroprotective effects of apocynin” by Simonyi A, Serfozo P, Lehmidi TM, Cui J, Gu Z, Lubahn DB, Sun AY, Sun GY.(4)
5. Antioxidant and anti-neoplastic activities
In the investigation of The antioxidant and anti-neoplastic activities of aqueous extracts of P. kurroa rhizome, showed that the antioxidant efficacies of the extracts were studied employing radical scavenging assays (DPPH· and ·OH), ferric reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay for testing inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested by XTT assay in MDA-MB-435S (human breast carcinoma), Hep3B (human hepatocellular carcinoma) and PC-3 (human prostate cancer) cell lines. The ability of the extracts to induce apoptosis was also investigated. Both extracts exhibited promising antioxidant potentials. The extracts were also observed to be cytotoxic at the tested dosage and were able to target cells towards apoptosis, according to “Antioxidant and anti-neoplastic activities of Picrorhiza kurroa extracts” by Rajkumar V, Guha G, Kumar RA.(5)
6. Etc.
Side effects
1. Do not use the herb in cases of wind heat and wind cold causes of cold and flu
2. Do not use the Huang Lian in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or breast feedign with out approval first with the related field specialist
3. The herb may cause allergic effect, gastrointestinal discomfort and skin rash
4. Overdoses may cause acute deprivation of oxygen of the brain due to cardiac function and decrease of heme and blood cells
5. Etc.

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919373
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11025145
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15248488
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22202030
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21081148

Chinese Herbs – Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis)

Huang Qin is also Known as Baiscal skullcap root. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti – histamine, anti allergenic, blood thinning and anti hepatitis B virus agent and to prevent atherosclerosis, enhance the digestive function, treat hypertension , anxiety, headache due to cold or flu, prostate Cancer, breast cancer, etc. by enhancing the functions of gallbladder, large intestine, lung and stomach channels

Ingredients
1. Baicalein
2. Baicalin
3. 5,6-dihydroxy-7-O-glucoside-flavone
4. Chrysin
5. 5, 7, 2′-trihydroxy-flavone
6. 5, 7, 2′, 3′-tetraflavone
7. 5, 7, 2′, 6′-tetraflavone
8. 5, 7, 2′-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone
9. Oroxylin-A
10. Oroxylin-A-glucoronide
11. 5, 7, 2′-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone
12. Nor-wogonin
13. 5, 8, 2′-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone
14. Wogonin
15. Etc.
Health Benefits
1. Tocolytic effect
In the investigation of the tocolytic effect of oroxylin the Oroxylin A, isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, showed that oroxylin A-mediated relaxation of the rat uterus might occur through opening of uterine calcium-dependent potassium channels or adenosine triphosphate potassium channel activation. This suggests that oroxylin A is the tocolytic principle constituent of Scutellariae Radix, and oroxylin A may provide a lead compound for new tocolytic drug development in the future, according to “In vitro study of the tocolytic effect of oroxylin A from Scutellaria baicalensis root” by Shih HC, Hsu CS, Yang LL.(1)
2. Pyretic pulmonary syndrome
UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analytical means and PCA statistical methods were utilized to investigate the trajectory change and inter-relationship of urinary metabolome of rats, showed that there was a good therapeutic function of Scutellariae Radix on pyretic pulmonary syndrome, which was elucidated on the metabolic aspects. There was also a correlationship between the mechanism of Scutellariae Radix curing pyretic pulmonary syndrome and the six specific biomarkers, according to “[Researches on pyretic pulmonary syndrome model interfered by Scutellariae Radix based on variation of biomarker].[Article in Chinese]” by Liu S, Liu C, Zu J, Li J, Wang N, Lu F.(2)
3. Protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion
In the investigation of the cardioprotective effects of the Sb extracts (3, 30 and 300 mg/kg) in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuried rats, showed that animals that had received five-day pretreatment of the Sb extract (30 mg/kg) had a significant reduction in myocardial infarct size and a marked increase in the activity of catalase in the liver. The Sb extract could additionally enhance acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation. It was proposed that the Sb extract exerted its cardioprotection by stimulating the catalase activity and improving vascular elasticity, according to “Extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi root exerts protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats” by Chan E, Liu XX, Guo DJ, Kwan YW, Leung GP, Lee SM, Chan SW.(3)
4. Immunological responses
In the investigation of the effects of Scutellariae radix (SR) and Aloe vera gel (AV), alone or in combination, on levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and inflammatory cytokines in spontaneous atopic dermatitis(AD)-like skin lesions, suggest that SR and AV modulate immunological responses in AD, mainly through influencing IL-5 or IL-10 levels, according to “Effects of Scutellariae radix and Aloe vera gel extracts on immunoglobulin E and cytokine levels in atopic dermatitis NC/Nga mice” by Kim J, Lee I, Park S, Choue R.(4)
5. Hepatitis B virus
In the evaluation of the active component, “Minister herb” Scutellariae radix (HD-1S), but not the “King herb” Bupleuri radix (HD-1B) in HD-7 of Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang (HD-7) that suppresses HBV gene expression and virus production in human hepatoma cells, found that HD-1S selectively suppresses HBV core promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis has revealed that HD-1S treatment decreases the DNA-binding activity of nuclear extract of HepA2 cells to a specific cis-element of the HBV core promoter, which includes the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor binding site and HNF4. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PGC-1 abolished the suppression of HD-1S on HBV core promoter activity suggesting that HD-1S may act through modulating hepatic transcriptional machinery to suppress HBV viral gene expression and virus production, according to “Scutellariae radix suppresses hepatitis B virus production in human hepatoma cells” by Tseng YP, Wu YC, Leu YL, Yeh SF, Chou CK.(5)
6. Etc.
Side Effects
1. Do not use the herb in case of spleen deficiency and poor digestion
2. Huang Qin may interact with blood thinning medicine
3. Do not use the herb in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without consulting first with the related field specialist
4. Etc.

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to Popular Chinese Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/chinese-herbs.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19272127
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21842652
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21721150
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20817082
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20515825

Phytochemicals In Foods - 7 Health Benefits of Peonidin

Peonidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in bilberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, grape, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Lung cancer
In the demonstration of peonidin 3-glucoside (P3G) could significantly inhibit the invasion (P < 0.001), motility (P < 0.05), secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) of lung cancer cells, found that the inhibitory effects of P3G may be at least partly through inactivation of ERK 1/2 and AP-1 signaling pathways as confirmed by abolishment of P3G-inhibited H1299 cell invasion by overexpression of MAPK kinase 1 (MEK1). Finally, P3G was evidenced by its inhibition on the metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vivo (P < 0.001), according to "Peonidin 3-glucoside inhibits lung cancer metastasis by downregulation of proteinases activities and MAPK pathway" by Ho ML, Chen PN, Chu SC, Kuo DY, Kuo WH, Chen JY, Hsieh YS.(1)

2. Cognitive and motor functions
In the investigation of the fractions extracted using methanol (MEOH) and ethanol (ETOH) were particularly rich in anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin, and their effect on age-related diseases of the brain compromise memory, learning, and movement, found that the protection of microglial cells by açai pulp extracts, particularly that of MEOH, ETOH, and ACE fractions, was also accompanied by a significant concentration-dependent reduction in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The current study offers valuable insights into the protective effects of açai pulp fractions on brain cells, which could have implications for improved cognitive and motor functions, according to "Anthocyanin-rich Açai ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Fruit Pulp Fractions Attenuate Inflammatory Stress Signaling in Mouse Brain BV-2 Microglial Cells" by Poulose SM, Fisher DR, Larson J, Bielinski DF, Rimando AM, Carey AN, Schauss AG, Shukitt-Hale B.(2)

3. Diabetes
In the examination of the inhibitory effects of the Noble muscadine grape extracts and the representative phytochemicals for anthocyanins (i.e., cyanidin and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside) on two enzymes, that is, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, found that the ethyl acetate (EtoAc) extract and the butanol (BuOH) extract exhibited much higher inhibitory activities against both enzymes than the CHCl(3) and water extracts, while the majority of anthocyanins existed in the BuOH fractions. Moreover, cyanidin exhibited a much stronger antidiabetic activity than cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, suggesting that anthocyanins may have higher inhibitory activities after being digested. Further chromatographic analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified five individual anthocyanins, including cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin glycosides. according to "Inhibitory effects of muscadine anthocyanins on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities" by You Q, Chen F, Wang X, Luo PG, Jiang Y.(3)

4. Antioxidants
In the investigation of BSSCs of 60 Chinese varieties examined for phenolic contents, anthocyanin profiles, and antioxidant activity. Total phenolic and condensed tannin contents ranged from 512.2 to 6057.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g and from 137.2 to 1741.1 mg (+)-catechin equivalents/100 g, respectively. Six anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and malvidin-3-glucoside) were detected by HPLC, found that antioxidant properties detected by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC methods all showed wide variations ranging from 4.8 to 65.3 μg/100 mL (expressed as EC(50)), from 17.5 to 105.8 units/g, and from 42.5 to 1834.6 μmol Trolox equivalent/g, respectively. Sixty varieties were classified into four groups by hierarchical clustering analysis, and group 4 consisting of nine varieties had the highest phytochemicals content and antioxidant activity, according to "Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity in seed coats of 60 Chinese black soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties" by Zhang RF, Zhang FX, Zhang MW, Wei ZC, Yang CY, Zhang Y, Tang XJ, Deng YY, Chi JW.(4)

5. Hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease
In the evaluation of the effect of white and black rice consumption on lipid profile, hydroperoxides, thiobarbituric reactive substances and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by hypercholesterolemia was investigated in 24 male rabbits, found that serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was higher (P < 0.05) in the PCBR compared with the PC and PCWR groups. Hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric reactive substances were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the PCBR compared with PCWR and PC groups. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-Glu) and peonidin-3-glucoside have been tested in vitro against copper-mediated low-density lipoprotein. Cy-3-Glu was excelled peonidin-3-glucoside by increasing the lag time of NC from 80 to 500 minutes in the presence of 2.0 μM of Cy-3-Glu, according to "Switching to black rice diets modulates low-density lipoprotein oxidation and lipid measurements in rabbits" by Abdel-Moemin AR.(5)

6. Antimicrobial activity
In the examination of the accumulation of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry, including anthocyanin peonidin-3-galactoside and to assess their antibacterial activity, found that Investigation of the antimicrobial properties showed that European cranberry extracts inhibited the growth of wide range of human pathogenic bacteria, both gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis), according to "Phenolics and anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry and their antimicrobial activity" by Cesoniene L, Jasutiene I, Sarkinas A.(6)

7. Breast cancer
In the investigation of the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of JFE in estrogen dependent/aromatase positive (MCF-7aro), and estrogen independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells, found that JFE contained 3.5% anthocyanins (as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents) which occur as diglucosides of five anthocyanidins/aglycons: delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin. In the proliferation assay, JFE was most effective against MCF-7aro (IC(50) = 27 microg/mL), followed by MDA-MB-231 (IC(50) = 40 microg/mL) breast cancer cells. Importantly, JFE exhibited only mild antiproliferative effects against the normal MCF-10A (IC(50) > 100 microg/mL) breast cells, according to "Eugenia jambolana Lam. berry extract inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human breast cancer but not non-tumorigenic breast cells" by Li L, Adams LS, Chen S, Killian C, Ahmed A, Seeram NP.(7)

8. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432172
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224493
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21797278
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21548651
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289511
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20173403
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19166352

Phytochemicals - 11 Health Benefits of Cyanidin

Cyanidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in red apple and pear, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, plum, hawthorn, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Colon cancer
In the testing whether anthocyanidins exerted cytotoxicity in primary (Caco-2) and metastatic (LoVo and LoVo/ADR) colorectal cancer cell lines, found that Both cyanidin and delphinidin, though neither pelargonidin nor malvidin, were cytotoxic in metastatic cells only. The cell line most sensitive to anthocyanidins was the drug-resistant LoVo/ADR. There, cellular ROS accumulation, inhibition of glutathione reductase, and depletion of glutathione could be observed, according to "Oxidative stress-based cytotoxicity of delphinidin and cyanidin in colon cancer cells" by Cvorovic J, Tramer F, Granzotto M, Candussio L, Decorti G, Passamonti S.(1)

2. Angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE)
In the calssification of the isolated constituents which areresponsible of the ACE activity of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa, found that the anthocyanins delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (1) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (2) were isolated by bioassay-guided purification. These compounds showed IC(50) values (84.5 and 68.4 microg/mL, respectively), which are similar to those obtained by related flavonoid glycosides. Kinetic determinations suggested that these compounds inhibit the enzyme activity by competing with the substrate for the active site, according to "Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by the anthocyanins delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus sabdariffa" by Ojeda D, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, Herrera-Arellano A, Tortoriello J, Alvarez L.(2)

3. Neuroprotective effects
In the demostration of whether cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy-3G) can inhibit Abeta(25-35) spontaneous aggregation into oligomers and their neurotoxicity in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, found that the pre- and co-treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with Cy-3G reduced the neuronal death, in terms of apoptosis and necrosis, elicited by Abeta(25-35) oligomers. Cy-3G also shows the interesting ability to prevent the early events leading to neuronal death such as the Abeta(25-35) oligomer binding to plasma membrane and the subsequent membrane integrity loss. according to "Neuroprotective effects of cyanidin 3-O-glucopyranoside on amyloid beta (25-35) oligomer-induced toxicity" by Tarozzi A, Morroni F, Merlicco A, Bolondi C, Teti G, Falconi M, Cantelli-Forti G, Hrelia P.(3)

4. Antioxidants
In the verification of the chemical properties included composition of anthocyanins and other polyphenols, antioxidant activity and profiles of antioxidants by HPLC post-column derivatization or TLC of Polish cultivars of blue-berried honeysuckles (Lonicera caerulea L.), wild and bog bilberr, found that The antioxidant activity of different blue-berried honeysuckle cultivars was similar to that of wild growing bilberries (range from 170 to 417 μmol TE/g dm in ABTS and from 93-166 μmol TE/g dm in DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu tests). The major anthocyanin in the blue-berried honeysuckle was cyanidin-3-glucoside that constituted 84-92% of the total anthocyanins. The TLC and HPLC post-column antioxidant profiles indicated that anthocyanins are the major antioxidants in all berries studied, according to "Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Polish Blue-Berried Honeysuckle Genotypes by HPLC-DAD-MS, HPLC Post-Column Derivatization with ABTS or FC, and TLC with DPPH Visualization" by Kusznierewicz B, Piekarska A, Mrugalska B, Konieczka P, Namiesnik J, Bartoszek A (4)

5. Antimicrobial activity
In the evaluation of the fruit of Lonicera caerulea L. (blue honeysuckle; Caprifoliaceae) and its phenolic fraction for nutrients and micronutrients, found that the phenolic fraction displayed Folin-Ciocalteu reagent reducing (335 +/- 15 microg of gallic acid equivalent/mg) and DPPH and superoxide scavenging activity (IC50 12.1 +/- 0.1 and 115.5 +/- 6.4 microg/mL) and inhibited rat liver microsome peroxidation (IC50 160 +/- 20 microg/mL). The freeze-dried fruit and its phenolic fraction reduced the biofilm formation and adhesion to the artificial surface of Candida parapsilosis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans, according to "Constituents and antimicrobial properties of blue honeysuckle: a novel source for phenolic antioxidants" by Palíková I, Heinrich J, Bednár P, Marhol P, Kren V, Cvak L, Valentová K, Růzicka F, Holá V, Kolár M, Simánek V, Ulrichová J.(5)

6. Fatty liver disease
In the investigation of cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside (Cy-3-g), a typical anthocyanin pigment and its effects on AMPK activation and fatty acid metabolism in human HepG2 hepatocytes,
found that Cy-3-g regulates hepatic lipid homeostasis via an AMPK-dependent signaling pathway. Targeting AMPK activation by anthocyanin may represent a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, according to "Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside regulates fatty acid metabolism via an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway in human HepG2 cells" by
Guo H, Liu G, Zhong R, Wang Y, Wang D, Xia M.(6)

7. Short-term Spatial Recognition Memory
In the evaluation of the efficacy of chronic cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) on alleviation of learning and memory deficits in diabetic rats as a result of the observed antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of C3G, found that the alternation score of the diabetic rats was lower than that of control (p < 0.01) and C3G-treated diabetic rats showed a higher alternation score as compared to diabetic group (p < 0.05). Diabetic rats also developed a significant impairment in retention and recall in passive avoidance test (p < 0.01) and C3G treatment of diabetic rats did not produce any significant improvement. Meanwhile, increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in diabetic rats was significantly reduced following C3G treatment (p < 0.05), according to "Chronic Cyanidin-3-glucoside Administration Improves Short-term Spatial Recognition Memory but not Passive Avoidance Learning and Memory in Streptozotocin-diabetic Rats" by Nasri S, Roghani M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Balvardi M, Rabani T.(7)

8. Diabetes prevention and management
In the investigation of the protective effects of C3G-rich bayberry fruit extract (CRBFE) against pancreatic β cells against oxidative stress-induced injury as well as its hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mic, found that Pretreatment of β cells with CRBFE (containing 0.5 μmol/L C3G) prevented cell death, increased cellular viability, and decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and cell necrosis induced by 800 or 1,200 μmol/L H(2)O(2). CRBFE dose-dependently up-regulated pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 gene expression, contributing to increased insulin-like growth factor II gene transcript levels and insulin protein in INS-1 cells. In addition, administration of CRBFE (150 μg of C3G/10 g of body weight twice per day) significantly reduced blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mice and increased the glucose tolerance in an oral glucose tolerance test (P<.05), according to "Cyanidin-3-Glucoside-Rich Extract from Chinese Bayberry Fruit Protects Pancreatic β Cells and Ameliorates Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice" by

Sun CD, Zhang B, Zhang JK, Xu CJ, Wu YL, Li X, Chen KS.(8)

9. Diuretic effect
In the evaluation of the diuretic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract on in vivo and in situ models, found that The yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extraction was 28.3% and the chemical standardization from 1g of extract was: 56.5mg delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside, 20.8mg/g cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, 3.2mg/g quercetin, 2.1mg/g rutin and 2.7mg/g chlorogenic acid. The diuretic and natriuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract showed a dose-dependent behavior. The pharmacological constants of natriuretic effect was ED50=86mg/kg and Emax=0.9mEq/100g/5h. In the model of kidney in situ was observed that renal filtration increased 48% with the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa and an additive effect when was perfuse with furosemide, according to "Pharmacological characterization of the diuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Malvaceae) extract" by Alarcón-Alonso J, Zamilpa A, Aguilar FA, Herrera-Ruiz M, Tortoriello J, Jimenez-Ferrer E(9)

10. Anti-inflammatory Effects
In the investigation of the cartilage-protecting and anti-inflammatory effects of a polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract (RRE; standardized to total polyphenol, anthocyanin, and ellagitannin contents), found that On treatment with RRE (50 μg/mL), there was a decrease in the rate of degradation of both proteoglycan and type II collagen. In the in vivo antigen-induced arthritis rat model, animals were gavaged daily with RRE (at doses of 30 and 120 mg/kg, respectively) for 30 days after adjuvant injection (750 μg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis suspension in squalene). At the higher dose, animals treated with RRE had a lower incidence and severity of arthritis compared to control animals, according to "Anti-inflammatory Effects of Polyphenolic-Enriched Red Raspberry Extract in an Antigen-Induced Arthritis Rat Model" by Jean-Gilles D, Li L, Ma H, Yuan T, Chichester CO, Seeram NP.(10)

11. Obesity
In the demonstration of Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-g)-rich foods have been reported to inhibit the onset of obesity, found that Cy-3-g improves obesity and triglyceride metabolism in KK-Ay mice. The underlying mechanism is found to be partly related to the activation of LPL in plasma and skeletal muscle, and inhibition of LPL in adipose tissue following the activation of pAMPK, according to "Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside improves obesity and triglyceride metabolism in KK-Ay mice by regulating lipoprotein lipase activity" by Wei X, Wang D, Yang Y, Xia M, Li D, Li G, Zhu Y, Xiao Y, Ling W.(11)

12. Etc.

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Phytochemicals - 12 Health Benefits of Delphinidin

Delphinidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in bilberry, blueberry, eggplant, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Colon cancer
In the testing whether anthocyanidins exerted cytotoxicity in primary (Caco-2) and metastatic (LoVo and LoVo/ADR) colorectal cancer cell lines, found that Both cyanidin and delphinidin, though neither pelargonidin nor malvidin, were cytotoxic in metastatic cells only. The cell line most sensitive to anthocyanidins was the drug-resistant LoVo/ADR. There, cellular ROS accumulation, inhibition of glutathione reductase, and depletion of glutathione could be observed, according to "Oxidative stress-based cytotoxicity of delphinidin and cyanidin in colon cancer cells" by Cvorovic J, Tramer F, Granzotto M, Candussio L, Decorti G, Passamonti S.(1)

2. Antifibrotic activity
In the investigation of the hepatoprotective effects of anthocyanidin delphinidin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver fibrosis in mice, found that delphinidin has successfully attenuated oxidative stress, increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 and metallothionein I/II expression and restored hepatic architecture. Furthermore, the overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta1 has been withdrawn by delphinidin. Concomitantly, the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin indicated returning of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into inactive state. Our results suggest the therapeutic effects of delphinidin in CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis by promoting extracellular matrix degradation, according to "Antifibrotic activity of anthocyanidin delphinidin in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice" by Domitrović R, Jakovac H.(2)

3. Angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE)
In the calssification of the isolated constituents which areresponsible of the ACE activity of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa, found that the anthocyanins delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (1) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (2) were isolated by bioassay-guided purification. These compounds showed IC(50) values (84.5 and 68.4 microg/mL, respectively), which are similar to those obtained by related flavonoid glycosides. Kinetic determinations suggested that these compounds inhibit the enzyme activity by competing with the substrate for the active site, according to "Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by the anthocyanins delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus sabdariffa" by Ojeda D, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, Herrera-Arellano A, Tortoriello J, Alvarez L.(3)

4. Breast cancer
In the investigation of in vitro biological effects of delphinidin on established breast cancer cell lines of varying molecular subtypes in comparison to non-transformed breast epithelial cells, found that single agent delphinidin exhibits growth inhibitory activity in breast cancer cells of various molecular subtypes, but raise concerns regarding potential drug antagonism when used in combination with existing targeted therapies in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer., according to "Delphinidin Inhibits HER2 and Erk1/2 Signaling and Suppresses Growth of HER2-Overexpressing and Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines" by Ozbay T, Nahta R.(4)

5. Antioxidants
In the determination of Antioxidant activity-guided fractionation based on three in vitro antioxidant assays (Folin-Ciocalteu, TEAC, and leucomethylene blue assays) was used to identify major antioxidants in blue wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.), found that after consecutive extractions with solvents of various polarities and multiple chromatographic fractionations, several potent antioxidants were identified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside), tryptophan, and a novel phenolic trisaccharide (β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside) were the most active water-extractable constituents, according to "Antioxidant Activity-Guided Fractionation of Blue Wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.)" by Tyl CE, Bunzel M.(5)

6. Skin photoprotection and prevention of photocarcinogenesis
indicated that the impact of polyphenols on human health based on their structure-activity relationship and bioavailability. We then discussed in detail the photoprotective effects of some selected polyphenols on UV-induced skin inflammation, proliferation, immunosuppression, DNA damage and dysregulation of important cellular signaling pathways and their implications in skin cancer management. The selected polyphenols include: green tea polyphenols, pomegranate fruit extract, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, silymarin, genistein and delphinidin. The new information on the mechanisms of action of these polyphenols supports their potential use in skin photoprotection and prevention of photocarcinogenesis in humans, according to "Polyphenols: Skin Photoprotection and Inhibition of Photocarcinogenesis" by Afaq F, Katiyar SK.(6)

7. Cytoprotective actions
In the evaluation of the potential mechanisms responsible for the cytoprotective actions of three common anthocyanins, namely cyanidin- delphinidin- and pelargonidin-3-glucoside, in dicated thet Beyond their antioxidant properties, all these flavonoids, possessing either catecholic or monophenolic structures, were able to counteract peroxynitrite-induced apoptotic effects in endothelial cells through the inhibition of several crucial signaling cascades. Actually, pre-incubation of cells with 25 μM anthocyanins prevented them from peroxynitrite-mediated apoptosis, which was evaluated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspases-9 and-3 activation, the increase in cytoplasmatic Bax levels and the inactivation of the PI3 K/Akt pathway, according to "Dietary anthocyanins protect endothelial cells against peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and Bax nuclear translocation: an in vitro approach" by Paixão J, Dinis TC, Almeida LM.(7)

8. Diuretic effect
In the evaluation of the diuretic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract on in vivo and in situ models, found that The yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extraction was 28.3% and the chemical standardization from 1g of extract was: 56.5mg delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside, 20.8mg/g cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, 3.2mg/g quercetin, 2.1mg/g rutin and 2.7mg/g chlorogenic acid. The diuretic and natriuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract showed a dose-dependent behavior. The pharmacological constants of natriuretic effect was ED50=86mg/kg and Emax=0.9mEq/100g/5h. In the model of kidney in situ was observed that renal filtration increased 48% with the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa and an additive effect when was perfuse with furosemide, according to "Pharmacological characterization of the diuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Malvaceae) extract" by Alarcón-Alonso J, Zamilpa A, Aguilar FA, Herrera-Ruiz M, Tortoriello J, Jimenez-Ferrer E(8)

9. Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cultured Endothelial Cells
In the demonstration of oLDL increased the generation of intracellular NADPH-dependent superoxide and impaired redox status in cultured porcine aortic EC (PAEC), found that treatment with oLDL significantly increased the abundances of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4 and p22phox in PAEC. OLDL reduced cell viability and the protein content of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, but increased the content of caspase 3 in PAEC. Co-treatment with D3G prevented oLDL-induced increases in intracellular superoxide, the protein content of NOX2, NOX4, p22phox or caspase 3, inhibited the impairment of redox statues or cell viability, and prevented the attenuation of mitochondrial enzyme activities, the reductions of Bcl-2, ND1 or cytochrome b contents in PAEC, according to "Influence of Delphinidin-3-Glucoside on Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein- Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cultured Endothelial Cells" by Xie X, Zhao R, Shen GX.(9)

10. Anti inflammatory effects
In the identification of a novel HATi in Punica granatum L. known as delphinidin (DP). DP did not affect the activity of other epigenetic enzymes (histone deacetylase, histone methyltransferase, or sirtuin1), found that HATi efficiently suppresses cytokine-mediated immune responses. Together, these results show that the HATi activity of DP counters anti-inflammatory signaling by blocking p65 acetylation and that this compound may be useful in preventing inflammatory arthritis, according to "Delphinidin, a specific inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, suppresses inflammatory signaling via prevention of NF-κB acetylation in fibroblast-like synoviocyte MH7A cells" by Seong AR, Yoo JY, Choi K, Lee MH, Lee YH, Lee J, Jun W, Kim S, Yoon HG.(10)

11. Anti cancers
In the discussion of numerous in vitro and animal model data suggest that flavonoids modulate important cellular and molecular mechanisms related to carcinogenesis, indicated that Epidemiological studies confirmed that, among many flavonoids, apigenin, epigallocatechin gallate, delphinidin and genistein appear to be beneficial compounds in various stages of carcinogenesis, according to "Anticancer properties of flavonoids: roles in various stages of carcinogenesis" by Clere N, Faure S, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R.(11)

12. Periodontitis
In the investigation of the ability of a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside) in the inhibition of the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), neutrophil elastase and periodontopathogen (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola) proteinases, showed that a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins were able to inhibit the activity of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases. This suggests that such natural compounds may represent promising agents for use in adjunctive treatments for periodontitis, according to "Inhibition of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases by natural anthocyanins" by Santos J, La VD, Bergeron C, Grenier D.(12)

13. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals - 10 Health Benefits of Malvidin

Malvidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in bilberry, blueberry, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Antiradical properties
In the investigation of after reaction with O(2)(•-) radicals using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Two portisins derived from malvidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were used for this study, indicated that interpretations were confirmed by comparison with the spectra of free radicals formed by oxidation of the model compounds cyanidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and catechin. These results concur with previous work reporting the higher antiradical properties of these pigments compared to their anthocyanin precursors, according to "Antiradical properties of red wine portisins" by Pirker KF, Oliveira J, de Freitas V, Goodman BA, Mateus N.(1)

2. Antioxidants
In the determination of the hydroxyl and superoxide anion scavenging activities of anthocyanins and their pyruvic acid adducts by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and spin trapping,
found that the 3-glucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin and malvidin, and the pyruvic adduct of the 3-glucoside of delphinidin exhibited a potent superoxide anion radical scavenging and, to a lesser extent hydroxyl anion radical scavenging activity. The pyranoanthocyanins of cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin and pelargonidin showed a high capacity to scavenge superoxide anion radicals but did not scavenge hydroxyl radicals, according to "Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies on the free radical scavenging activity of wine anthocyanins and pyranoanthocyanins" by Garcia-Alonso M, Rimbach G, Sasai M, Nakahara M, Matsugo S, Uchida Y, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, De Pascual-Teresa S.(2)

3. Anti colon and liver cancer
In the identification of the antioxidant extracts from 5 potato lines were evaluated for antioxidant activity, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, anthocyanin content, and in vitro anticancer capacity, found that a significant difference in inhibition of cancer cells (P < 0.01) existed between the 3 polyphenols: chlorogenic acid, pelargonidin chloride, and malvidin chloride, suggesting that chlorogenic acid was a critical factor in the antiproliferation of colon cancer and liver cancer cells, according to "Inhibitory effect of antioxidant extracts from various potatoes on the proliferation of human colon and liver cancer cells" by

Wang Q, Chen Q, He M, Mir P, Su J, Yang Q.(3)

4. Estrogen-like effects
In the investigation of the effects of non-alcoholic wine fractions from five different wines on the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) via the expression and enzymatic activation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human endothelial cells, found that all wine extracts maximally enhanced NO production at doses in the range achieved with a moderate wine intake, with decreasing effects with further increases of the dose. Interestingly, a part of these actions was recruited via estrogen receptors (ERs). Within the polyphenols with known binding activity for ERs contained in the tested wines, resveratrol, epicatechin, syringic acid, apigenin, malvidin and ellagic acid were largely responsible for eNOS activation. These findings show that some of the non-alcoholic components of wine enhance the production of NO by the vessels acting on ERs, and suggest that a moderate intake of wine may benefit the cardiovascular system through estrogen-like effects, according to "Estrogen-like effects of wine extracts on nitric oxide synthesis in human endothelial cells" by

Simoncini T, Lenzi E, Zöchling A, Gopal S, Goglia L, Russo E, Polak K, Casarosa E, Jungbauer A, Genazzani AD, Genazzani AR.(4)

5. Cardiovascular diseases
In the investigation of the connection between Vaccinium myrtillus and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with the main anthocyanidins combined in myrtillin chloride and separately in cyanidin, delphinidin, and malvidin, respectively and their effects on ACE, found that After 10 min of incubation with bilberry 25E, a significant, dose-dependent inhibition of ACE activity was seen, and after incubation with myrtillin chloride a significant inhibition was seen. No effect was seen with the anthocyanidins. The effect seems to be dependent on this specific mixture of anthocyanins in the bilberry. V. myrtillus may thus have the potential to prevent and protect against cardiovascular diseases, according to "Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus and its polyphenols on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in human endothelial cells" by Persson IA, Persson K, Andersson RG.(5)

6. Leukemia
In the examination of ethanol extracts of 10 edible berries, bilberry extract and theirs effect in inhibition of the growth of HL60 human leukemia cells and HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells in vitro, found that Of the extracts tested, that from bilberry contained the largest amounts of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, and showed the greatest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Pure delphinidin and malvidin, like the glycosides isolated from the bilberry extract, induced apoptosis in HL60 cells, according to "Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and the anthocyanins" by Katsube N, Iwashita K, Tsushida T, Yamaki K, Kobori M.(6)

7. Neuroprotective effects
in the determination of whether a Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) anthocyanoside (VMA) and/or its main anthocyanidin constituents (cyanidin, delphinidin, and malvidin) can protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) against retinal damage in vitro and in vivo, found that VMA and all three anthocyanidins (i) significantly inhibited SIN-1-induced neurotoxicity and radical activation in RGC-5, (ii) concentration-dependently inhibited lipid peroxidation in mouse forebrain homogenates. Intravitreously injected VMA significantly inhibited the NMDA-induced morphological retinal damage and increase in TUNEL-positive cells in the ganglion cell layer. Thus, VMA and its anthocyanidins have neuroprotective effects (exerted at least in part via an anti-oxidation mechanism) in these in vitro and in vivo models of retinal diseases, according to "Bilberry and its main constituents have neuroprotective effects against retinal neuronal damage in vitro and in vivo" by Matsunaga N, Imai S, Inokuchi Y, Shimazawa M, Yokota S, Araki Y, Hara H.(7)

8. Skin photoaging
In the investigation of the capacity of anthocyanin-rich extract from bog blueberry (ATH-BBe) to inhibit photoaging in UV-B-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts, found that ATH-BBe dampens UV-B-triggered collagen destruction and inflammatory responses through modulating NF-kappaB-responsive and MAPK-dependent pathways. Therefore, anthocyanins from edible bog blueberry may be protective against UV-induced skin photoaging, according to "Bog blueberry anthocyanins alleviate photoaging in ultraviolet-B irradiation-induced human dermal fibroblasts" by Bae JY, Lim SS, Kim SJ, Choi JS, Park J, Ju SM, Han SJ, Kang IJ, Kang YH.(8)

9. Gastric adenocarcinoma
In the investigation of the mechanistic basis for the anti-tumor properties of anthocyanins, five aglycone (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin) and four glycosylated (cyanidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside) anthocyanins and their effects on cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells, found that . The occurrence of apoptosis induced by malvidin was confirmed by morphological and biochemical features, including apoptotic bodies formation, caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential of apoptotic cells after treatment with malvidin was significantly lost and resulted in the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio for 1.6-fold against control for 100 microM treatment. In addition, the malvidin treatment significantly increased the p38 kinase expression and inhibited the ERK activity, and the effects of malvidin on caspase-3 activation were blocked, respectively, by the ERK and p38 inhibitors, according to "Effects of anthocyanidin on the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells" by Shih PH, Yeh CT, Yen GC(9)

10. Insulin secretion
In the determination of the ability of anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside (1), delphinidin-3-glucoside (2), cyanidin-3-galactoside (3), and pelargonidin-3-galactoside (4), and anthocyanidins, cyanidin (5), delphinidin (6), pelargonidin (7), malvidin (8), and petunidin (9), in stimulating insulin secretion from rodent pancreatic beta-cells (INS-1 832/13) in vitro, found that 1 and 2 were the most effective insulin secretagogues among the anthocyanins and anthocyanidins tested at 4 and 10 mM glucose concentrations. Pelargonidin-3-galactoside is one of the major anthocyanins, and its aglycone, pelargonidin, caused a 1.4-fold increase in insulin secretion at 4 mM glucose concentration. The rest of the anthocyanins and anthocyanidins tested in our assay had only marginal effects on insulin at 4 and 10 mM glucose concentrations, according to "Insulin secretion by bioactive anthocyanins and anthocyanidins present in fruits" by Jayaprakasam B, Vareed SK, Olson LK, Nair MG.(10)

11. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.