Petunidin, a dark-red or purple water-soluble pigment,
is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids
(polyphenols), found abundantly in many redberries and some species of
grape, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidants
In
the investigation of a newly developed nongenetically modified purple
tomato V118 was investigated for its phytochemical compositions and
antioxidant activities, found that three major anthocyanins, which were
mainly acylglycosides of petunidin and malvidin. This
study showed that purple tomatoes such as V118 possess additional
phytochemicals like anthocyanins, which can potentially have added
health benefits, according to "Characterization of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of a purple tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)" by Li H, Deng Z, Liu R, Young JC, Zhu H, Loewen S, Tsao R.(1)
2. Anti diabetes
In
the determination of the methanolic extracts of whole fruit and skin of
the muscadine and theirs effect on the α-glucosidase with their IC(50)
values at 1.50 and 2.73 mg/mL, and those against the lipase at 16.90 and
11.15 mg/mL, respectively, showed that that the muscadine extracts
possessed strong antidiabetic activities. Particularly, the ethyl
acetate (EtoAc) extract and the butanol (BuOH) extract exhibited much
higher inhibitory activities against both enzymes than the CHCl(3) and
water extracts, while the majority of anthocyanins existed in the BuOH
fractions. Moreover, cyanidin exhibited a much stronger antidiabetic
activity than cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, suggesting that anthocyanins may
have higher inhibitory activities after being digested. Further
chromatographic analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry identified five individual anthocyanins, including
cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin glycosides, according to "Inhibitory effects of muscadine anthocyanins on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities" by You Q, Chen F, Wang X, Luo PG, Jiang Y.(2)
3. Antioxidant and Eye strain
In
the registration of New red leaf tea cultivar 'Sunrouge' (Camellia
taliensis × Camellia sinensis), for which an application of an
anthocyanin-rich tea was made in 2009, found that the four anthocyanins
were identified were
delphinidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)galactopyranoside (2),
delphinidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)glucopyranoside (3),
cyanidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)galactopyranoside (4), and
cyanidin-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl)glucopyranoside (5), and the other
two were estimated as delphinidin-(Z)-p-coumaroylgalactopyranoside (1),
petunidin-(E)-p-coumaroylgalactopyranoside (6). Compound 3 was found in
tea for the first time. In general, anthocyanins have various
bioactivities, including relieving eyestrain and antioxidative effects,
so it is expected that drinking 'Sunrouge' tea brings in similar
bioactivities, according to "Anthocyanins from new red leaf tea 'Sunrouge'" by Saito T, Honma D, Tagashira M, Kanda T, Nesumi A, Maeda-Yamamoto M.(3)
4. Oxidative stress
In
the analyzing procyanidins B1, B2, and A2 identified by UPLC/ESI-MS(2)
along with the presence of other flavanol oligomers, showed that
processing induced the release of large amounts of aglycones for ferulic
acid, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin. The described anthocyanic
composition of lingonberry was completed with hexoside derivatives of
peonidin, petunidin, malvidin, and delphinidin. Besides confirmation of
in vitro antioxidant activity, in vivo study was performed on rats fed a
diet inducing oxidative stress. Supplementation with lingonberry
extract significantly decreased the total oxidant status and favorably
affected antioxidant defense enzymes in red blood cells and liver,
according to "Food grade lingonberry extract: polyphenolic composition and in vivo protective effect against oxidative stress" by
Mane C, Loonis M, Juhel C, Dufour C, Malien-Aubert C.(4)
5. Anti cancers
In
the evaluation the anti cancers effect of extracted Vaccinium
uliginosum Anthocyanins (A(V.uli)), a type of blueberry found in the
Chinese Changbai Mountains, found that The optimum process of A(V.uli)
extraction involved conditions of temperature 20°C, pH 2.0, and
diatomaceous earth 1.0 g/50 g of fruit weight. A(V.uli) contained 5 main
components: delphinidin (40.70 ± 1.72)%, cyanidin (3.40 ± 0.68)%,
petunidin (17.70 ± 0.54)%, peonidin (2.90 ± 0.63)% and malvidin (35.50 ±
1.11)%. The malvidin percentage was significantly higher (P < 0.05)
than it in A(V.myr). A(V.uli) complied with a dose-dependent repression
of cancer cell proliferation with an IC(50) (50% inhibitory
concentration) value of 50 µg/ml, and showed greater anticancer
efficiency than A(L.cae) and A(V.myr) under the same cell treatment
conditions, according to "Anthocyanins extracted from Chinese blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) and its anticancer effects on DLD-1 and COLO205 cells" by
Zu XY, Zhang ZY, Zhang XW, Yoshioka M, Yang YN, Li J.(5)
6. Liver cancer
In
the identication, if the anthocyanins (delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside:
cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside: petunidin-3,5-diglucoside:
delphinidin-3-glucoside: malvdin-3,5-diglucoside:
peonidin-3,5-diglucoside: cyanidin-3-glucoside: petunidin-3-glucoside:
peonidin-3- glucoside: malvidin-3- glucoside =
27:63:8.27:1:2.21:2.21:6.7:1.25:5.72:1.25) [corrected] isolated from
meoru (Vitis coignetiae Pulliat) exerted antiproliferative and
anti-invasive and apoptotic effects on human hepatoma Hep3B cells, found
that the anthocyanins from meoru have antiproliferative and
anti-invasive effects and may induce apoptosis through the activation of
the mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins.
This study provides evidence that the anthocyanins isolated from meoru
might be useful in the treatment of human hepatitis B-associated
hepatoma, according to "Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of invasion in human hepatoma cells by anthocyanins from meoru" by Shin DY, Ryu CH, Lee WS, Kim DC, Kim SH, Hah YS, Lee SJ, Shin SC, Kang HS, Choi YH.(6)
7. Photoaging
In
the investigation of the capacity of anthocyanin-rich extract from bog
blueberry (ATH-BBe) to inhibit photoaging in UV-B-irradiated human
dermal fibroblasts. BBe anthocyanins were detected as
cyanidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and
delphinidin3-glucoside. ATH-BBe attenuated UV-B-induced toxicity
accompanying reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the resultant
DNA damage responsible for activation of p53, found that ATH-BBe dampens
UV-B-triggered collagen destruction and inflammatory responses through
modulating NF-kappaB-responsive and MAPK-dependent pathways. Therefore,
anthocyanins from edible bog blueberry may be protective against
UV-induced skin photoaging, according to "Bog blueberry anthocyanins alleviate photoaging in ultraviolet-B irradiation-induced human dermal fibroblasts" by Bae JY, Lim SS, Kim SJ, Choi JS, Park J, Ju SM, Han SJ, Kang IJ, Kang YH.(7)
8. Breast cancer
In
the standardization of Jamun fruit extract (JFE) to anthocyanin content
using the pH differential method, and individual anthocyanins were
identified by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet
(HPLC-UV) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods, showed that
JFE contained 3.5% anthocyanins (as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents)
which occur as diglucosides of five anthocyanidins/aglycons:
delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin, found that JFE
was most effective against MCF-7aro (IC(50) = 27 microg/mL), followed by
MDA-MB-231 (IC(50) = 40 microg/mL) breast cancer cells. Importantly,
JFE exhibited only mild antiproliferative effects against the normal
MCF-10A (IC(50) > 100 microg/mL) breast cells. Similarly, JFE (at 200
microg/mL) exhibited pro-apoptotic effects against the MCF-7aro.
9. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21905736
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21797278
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21480597
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21375302
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034658
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19723048
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19199288
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19166352
Thursday, 7 November 2013
Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Daidzein
Daidzein is a phytochemical in the Isoflavones,
belonging to the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in
food of the family of legumes, soy, alfalfa sprouts, red clover,
chickpeas, peanuts, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Breast cancer
In the investigation of the anticancer effects and cellular apoptosis pathways induced by daidzein, using human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, found that daidzein-induced ROS generation was accompanied by disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, down-regulation of bcl-2, and up-regulation of bax, which led to the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria into the cytosol, which, in turn, resulted in the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-7, and ultimately in cell death, The induction of the mitochondrial caspase-dependent pathway was confirmed by pretreatment with pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk and antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine, according to "Daidzein induces MCF-7 breast cancer cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway" by Jin S, Zhang QY, Kang XM, Wang JX, Zhao WH.(1)
2. Ameliorative effect
In
the investigation of Estrogen deficiency was produced in female
Sprague-Dawley rats by surgical removal of both the ovaries and these
animals were used 4 weeks later and observation of Endothelium-dependent
and endothelium-independent relaxations due to acetylcholine and sodium
nitroprusside, found that Administration of daidzein (0.2
mgkg(-1)day(-1), sc 0.4 mgkg(-1)day(-1), sc and 0.8 mgkg(-1)day(-1), sc)
and Atorvastatin (30 mgkg(-1)day(-1), po Positive Control) for one week
markedly improved vascular endothelial dysfunction due to increase in
nitric oxide bioavailability perhaps by inhibiting caveolin-1 and
activation of PI3K-AKT pathway, according to 'Ameliorative effect of daidzein: a caveolin-1 inhibitor in vascular endothelium dysfunction induced by ovariectomy" by Sharma S, Singh M, Sharma PL.(2)
3. Prostate cancer
In
evaluation of a mixture of soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein,
glycitein) and theirs effect on Prostate cancer, found that Daidzein
could be the component of soy that protects against genistein-induced
metastasis. Daidzein inhibited cell growth and synergized with
radiation, affecting APE1/Ref-1, NF-kappaB and HIF-1alpha, but at lower
levels than genistein and soy, in AR+ and AR- PCa cells, suggesting it
is an AR-independent mechanism, according to "Daidzein effect on
hormone refractory prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo compared to
genistein and soy extract: potentiation of radiotherapy" by Singh-Gupta V, Zhang H, Yunker CK, Ahmad Z, Zwier D, Sarkar FH, Hillman GG.(3)
4. Cellular Integrity
In
the investigation of the protective effect of two major soy
isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, in combination on the status of
glycoconjugates in plasma, found that Oral administration of genistein +
daidzein (20 mg + 20 mg kg(-1) bw/day) to DMBA treated rats
significantly (p< 0.05) brought back the status of glycoconjugates to
near normal range. The present study thus demonstrated that genistein
and daidzein in combination, according to "Genistein and
Daidzein, in Combination, Protect Cellular Integrity during
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in
Sprague-Dawley Rats" by Pugalendhi P, Manoharan S, Suresh K, Baskaran N.(4)
5. Anti tumors
In
the establishment of the chromatographic fingerprints for the
anti-tumor flavonoids of Caulis spatholobi (SSCE)(16 characteristic
peaks from 10 batches of medicinal materials. Among them, the peaks 1,
3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 16 were identified 3,4-dihodroxybenzoic
acid, 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, epicatechin, puerarin, daidzein,
liquiritigenin, calycosin, genistein, formononetin, and prunetin,
respectively.) indicatedthat The method is convenient, reproducibility
and stability. It can used for quality control of the anti-tumor
flavonoids of C. spatholobi (SSCE), according to '[Study on HPLC chromatographic fingerprint of anti-tumor active site SSCE of Caulis spatholobi].[Article in Chinese]" by Wang H, Liu Y, Zeng Z, He W.(5)
6. Endometrial cancer
In
the evaluation of Legume, soy, tofu, and isoflavone intake and
endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women, found that reduced risk
of endometrial cancer was associated with total isoflavone intake
(highest vs lowest quintile, ≥7.82 vs <1.59 mg per 1000 kcal/d, RR =
0.66, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.91), daidzein intake (highest vs lowest
quintile, ≥3.54 vs <0.70 mg per 1000 kcal/d, RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.46
to 0.90), and genistein intake (highest vs lowest quintile, ≥3.40 vs
<0.69 mg per 1000 kcal/d, RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.91). No
statistically significant association with endometrial cancer risk was
observed for increasing intake of legumes, soy, tofu, or glycitein,
according to "Legume, soy, tofu, and isoflavone intake and endometrial
cancer risk in postmenopausal women in the multiethnic cohort study" by
Ollberding NJ, Lim U, Wilkens LR, Setiawan VW, Shvetsov YB, Henderson
BE, Kolonel LN, Goodman MT.(6)
7. Anti-allergic activities
In the investigation of the biocatalytic synthesis of xylooligosaccharides of daidzein, using cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus and Aspergillus sp. β-xylosidase, found that The cultured cells of C. roseus converted daidzein into its 4'-O-β-glucoside, 7-O-β-glucoside, and 7-O-β-primeveroside, which was a new compound. The 7-O-β-primeveroside of daidzein was further xylosylated by Aspergillus sp. β-xylosidase to daidzein trisaccharide, i.e., 7-O-[6-O-(4-O-(β-d-xylopyranosyl))-β-d-xylopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside, which was a new compound. The 4'-O-β-glucoside, 7-O-β-glucoside, and 7-O-β-primeveroside of daidzein exerted DPPH free-radical scavenging and superoxide radical scavenging activity. On the other hand, 7-O-β-glucoside and 7-O-β-primeveroside of daidzein showed inhibitory effects on IgE antibody production, according to "Synthesis of xylooligosaccharides of daidzein and their anti-oxidant and anti-allergic activities" by Shimoda K, Hamada H, Hamada H.(7)
8. Menopausal symptoms
In the examination of the efficacy of a supplement containing natural S-(-)equol, a daidzein metabolite, in reducing menopausal symptoms, found that the beneficial effects of a 10-mg natural S-(-)equol supplement is consumed daily for 12 weeks on major menopausal symptoms, specifically, hot flushes and neck or shoulder muscle stiffness, in postmenopausal Japanese women. This supplement offers a promising alternative for management of menopausal symptoms, according to "A natural s-equol supplement alleviates hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in equol nonproducing postmenopausal Japanese women" by Aso T, Uchiyama S, Matsumura Y, Taguchi M, Nozaki M, Takamatsu K, Ishizuka B, Kubota T, Mizunuma H, Ohta H.(8)
9. Anti skin aging
In the explanation of Oestrogen (17β estradiol) and the dietary antioxidants resveratrol, genistein and S-equol, an isoflavone produced from the gut biotransformation of soy daidzein, are effective agents to reduce ageing in skin, indicated that the evidence to date suggests that the primary mechanism of action of these antioxidants is to activate oestrogen receptor β (ERβ), which in turn enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes and inhibits the expression of snail, a transcription factor that regulates keratinocyte cell proliferation and migration. Based on their selectivity, ERβ agents provide a treatment option for ageing skin without the potential safety issues associated with oestrogen therapy, according to "Ageing skin: oestrogen receptor β agonists offer an approach to change the outcome" by Jackson RL, Greiwe JS, Schwen RJ.(9)
10.
In the investigation of the involvement of caveolin in attenuation of the cardioprotective effect of IPC during DM in rat, found that attenuation of the cardioprotection in diabetic heart may be due to decrease the IPC mediated release of NO in the diabetic myocardium, which may be due to up -regulation of caveolin and subsequently decreased activity of eNOS, according to "Possible involvement of caveolin in attenuation of cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in diabetic rat heart" by Ajmani P, Yadav HN, Singh M, Sharma PL.(10)
11. Bone density
In the observation of the association between habitual phyto-oestrogen intake and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the calcanaeum as a marker of bone density, found that enterolignans and equol were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women, but this association became non-significant when dietary Ca was added to the model. In the lowest quintile of Ca intake, soya isoflavones were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women (β = 1·4; P < 0·1). The present results therefore suggest that non-soya isoflavones are associated with bone density independent of Ca, whereas the association with soya or soya isoflavones is affected by dietary Ca, according to "Association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and bone density in men and postmenopausal women" by Kuhnle GG, Ward HA, Vogiatzoglou A, Luben RN, Mulligan A, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG, Khaw KT.(11)
12. Etc.
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7. Anti-allergic activities
In the investigation of the biocatalytic synthesis of xylooligosaccharides of daidzein, using cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus and Aspergillus sp. β-xylosidase, found that The cultured cells of C. roseus converted daidzein into its 4'-O-β-glucoside, 7-O-β-glucoside, and 7-O-β-primeveroside, which was a new compound. The 7-O-β-primeveroside of daidzein was further xylosylated by Aspergillus sp. β-xylosidase to daidzein trisaccharide, i.e., 7-O-[6-O-(4-O-(β-d-xylopyranosyl))-β-d-xylopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside, which was a new compound. The 4'-O-β-glucoside, 7-O-β-glucoside, and 7-O-β-primeveroside of daidzein exerted DPPH free-radical scavenging and superoxide radical scavenging activity. On the other hand, 7-O-β-glucoside and 7-O-β-primeveroside of daidzein showed inhibitory effects on IgE antibody production, according to "Synthesis of xylooligosaccharides of daidzein and their anti-oxidant and anti-allergic activities" by Shimoda K, Hamada H, Hamada H.(7)
8. Menopausal symptoms
In the examination of the efficacy of a supplement containing natural S-(-)equol, a daidzein metabolite, in reducing menopausal symptoms, found that the beneficial effects of a 10-mg natural S-(-)equol supplement is consumed daily for 12 weeks on major menopausal symptoms, specifically, hot flushes and neck or shoulder muscle stiffness, in postmenopausal Japanese women. This supplement offers a promising alternative for management of menopausal symptoms, according to "A natural s-equol supplement alleviates hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in equol nonproducing postmenopausal Japanese women" by Aso T, Uchiyama S, Matsumura Y, Taguchi M, Nozaki M, Takamatsu K, Ishizuka B, Kubota T, Mizunuma H, Ohta H.(8)
9. Anti skin aging
In the explanation of Oestrogen (17β estradiol) and the dietary antioxidants resveratrol, genistein and S-equol, an isoflavone produced from the gut biotransformation of soy daidzein, are effective agents to reduce ageing in skin, indicated that the evidence to date suggests that the primary mechanism of action of these antioxidants is to activate oestrogen receptor β (ERβ), which in turn enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes and inhibits the expression of snail, a transcription factor that regulates keratinocyte cell proliferation and migration. Based on their selectivity, ERβ agents provide a treatment option for ageing skin without the potential safety issues associated with oestrogen therapy, according to "Ageing skin: oestrogen receptor β agonists offer an approach to change the outcome" by Jackson RL, Greiwe JS, Schwen RJ.(9)
10.
In the investigation of the involvement of caveolin in attenuation of the cardioprotective effect of IPC during DM in rat, found that attenuation of the cardioprotection in diabetic heart may be due to decrease the IPC mediated release of NO in the diabetic myocardium, which may be due to up -regulation of caveolin and subsequently decreased activity of eNOS, according to "Possible involvement of caveolin in attenuation of cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in diabetic rat heart" by Ajmani P, Yadav HN, Singh M, Sharma PL.(10)
11. Bone density
In the observation of the association between habitual phyto-oestrogen intake and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the calcanaeum as a marker of bone density, found that enterolignans and equol were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women, but this association became non-significant when dietary Ca was added to the model. In the lowest quintile of Ca intake, soya isoflavones were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women (β = 1·4; P < 0·1). The present results therefore suggest that non-soya isoflavones are associated with bone density independent of Ca, whereas the association with soya or soya isoflavones is affected by dietary Ca, according to "Association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and bone density in men and postmenopausal women" by Kuhnle GG, Ward HA, Vogiatzoglou A, Luben RN, Mulligan A, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG, Khaw KT.(11)
12. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
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Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889614(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22279937
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158125
(7) http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/12/9/5616/
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21992596
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913999
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21745415
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736835
Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Genistein
Genistein is a
phytochemical in the Isoflavones, belonging to the group of Flavonoids
(polyphenols), found abundantly in food of the family of legumes, soy,
alfalfa sprouts, red clover, chickpeas, peanuts, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Bladder Cancer
In a phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated whether daily, oral genistein (300 or 600 mg/day as the purified soy extract G-2535) for 14-21 days before surgery alters molecular pathways in bladder epithelial tissue in 59 subjects diagnosed with urothelial bladder cancer (median age 71), found that G-2535 treatment was well tolerated; observed toxicities were primarily mild to moderate gastrointestinal or metabolic and usually not attributed to study drug. Genistein was detected in plasma and urine of subjects receiving G-2535 at concentrations greater than placebo subjects' but were not dose-dependent. Reduction in bladder cancer tissue p-EGFR staining between the placebo arm and the combined genistein arms was significant at the protocol-specified significance level of 0.10 (p=0.07), according to "A Phase 2 Cancer Chemoprevention Biomarker Trial of Isoflavone G-2535 (Genistein) in Presurgical Bladder Cancer Patients" by Messing E, Gee JR, Saltzstein DR, Kim K, Disant'agnese PA, Kolesar J, Harris L, Faerber A, Havighurst TC, Young JM, Efros M, Getzenberg RH, Wheeler MA, Tangrea J, Parnes HL, House M, Busby JE, Hohl RJ, Bailey HH.(1)
2. Immunomodulation And Anti-Inflammation
In the review of new concepts have emerged in relation to mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of carcinogenesis processes and associated inflammatory effects, found that the effects of polyphenols on the adaptative and innate immune cells that could infiltrate the tumor. Reduction of chronic inflammation or its downstream consequences may represent a key mechanism in the fight of cancer development and polyphenols could reduce various pro-inflammatory substance productions through targeting signal transduction or through antioxidant effects, according to "Immunomodulation And Anti-Inflammatory Roles Of Polyphenols As Anticancer Agents" by Ghiringhelli F, Rébé C, Hichami A, Delmas D.(2)
3. Bone density
In the investigation of the association between habitual phyto-oestrogen intake and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the calcanaeum as a marker of bone density, found that the non-soya isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A were marginally significant or significantly associated with BUA in postmenopausal women (β = 1·2; P < 0·1) and men (β = 1·2; P < 0·05), respectively; enterolignans and equol were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women, but this association became non-significant when dietary Ca was added to the model. In the lowest quintile of Ca intake, soya isoflavones were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women (β = 1·4; P < 0·1), according to "Association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and bone density in men and postmenopausal women" by Kuhnle GG, Ward HA, Vogiatzoglou A, Luben RN, Mulligan A, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG, Khaw KT.(3)
4. Antioxidant effects
In the testing effects of the soy isoflavone genistein on antioxidant enzymes in DU145 prostate cancer cells, found that Genistein significantly decreased reactive oxygen species levels and induced the expression of the antioxidant enzymes manganese (Mn) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, which were associated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) pathways. The induced expression of catalase, MnSOD, and PTEN were attenuated by pretreatment with a pharmacological inhibitor for AMPK. Furthermore, PTEN is essential for genistein activity, as shown by PTEN transfection in PTEN-deficient PC3 cells. Thus, genistein induces antioxidant enzymes through AMPK activation and increased PTEN expression. indicating the effects of genistein primarily depend on AMPK, according to "The antioxidant effects of genistein are associated with AMP-activated protein kinase activation and PTEN induction in prostate cancer cells" by Park CE, Yun H, Lee EB, Min BI, Bae H, Choe W, Kang I, Kim SS, Ha J.(4)
5. Anti cancers
In the determination of Genistein, the predominant isoflavones found in soy, has been shown to inhibit the carcinogenesis in animal models, indicated that there are growing body of experimental evidence that show the inhibition of human cancer cells by genistein through the modulation of genes that are related to the control of cell cycle and apoptosis. Moreover, it has been shown that genistein inhibits the activation of NF-kappa B and Akt signaling pathways, both of which are known to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Genistein is commonly known as phytoestrogen, which targets estrogen- and androgen-mediated signaling pathways in the processes of carcinogenesis, according to "Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention" by Sarkar FH, Li Y.(5)
6. Prostate cells
In the investigation of the hypothesis that the soy-isoflavone genistein could protect DNA of LAPC-4 prostate cells from oxidative stress-related damage by enhancing the expression of antioxidative genes and proteins, found that genistein protects prostate cells from oxidative stress-related DNA damage presumably by inducing the expression of antioxidative products, such as metallothioneins. Genistein, therefore, might counteract the age-related decline of important antioxidative defence systems which in turn maintain DNA integrity, according to "Genistein protects prostate cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and induces expression of genes involved in the defence against oxidative stress" by
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293631
(2) http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/20335/
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292769
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673057
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736835
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14628433
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958026
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20362658
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20484465
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22120966
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230815
Health Benefits
1. Bladder Cancer
In a phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated whether daily, oral genistein (300 or 600 mg/day as the purified soy extract G-2535) for 14-21 days before surgery alters molecular pathways in bladder epithelial tissue in 59 subjects diagnosed with urothelial bladder cancer (median age 71), found that G-2535 treatment was well tolerated; observed toxicities were primarily mild to moderate gastrointestinal or metabolic and usually not attributed to study drug. Genistein was detected in plasma and urine of subjects receiving G-2535 at concentrations greater than placebo subjects' but were not dose-dependent. Reduction in bladder cancer tissue p-EGFR staining between the placebo arm and the combined genistein arms was significant at the protocol-specified significance level of 0.10 (p=0.07), according to "A Phase 2 Cancer Chemoprevention Biomarker Trial of Isoflavone G-2535 (Genistein) in Presurgical Bladder Cancer Patients" by Messing E, Gee JR, Saltzstein DR, Kim K, Disant'agnese PA, Kolesar J, Harris L, Faerber A, Havighurst TC, Young JM, Efros M, Getzenberg RH, Wheeler MA, Tangrea J, Parnes HL, House M, Busby JE, Hohl RJ, Bailey HH.(1)
2. Immunomodulation And Anti-Inflammation
In the review of new concepts have emerged in relation to mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of carcinogenesis processes and associated inflammatory effects, found that the effects of polyphenols on the adaptative and innate immune cells that could infiltrate the tumor. Reduction of chronic inflammation or its downstream consequences may represent a key mechanism in the fight of cancer development and polyphenols could reduce various pro-inflammatory substance productions through targeting signal transduction or through antioxidant effects, according to "Immunomodulation And Anti-Inflammatory Roles Of Polyphenols As Anticancer Agents" by Ghiringhelli F, Rébé C, Hichami A, Delmas D.(2)
3. Bone density
In the investigation of the association between habitual phyto-oestrogen intake and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the calcanaeum as a marker of bone density, found that the non-soya isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A were marginally significant or significantly associated with BUA in postmenopausal women (β = 1·2; P < 0·1) and men (β = 1·2; P < 0·05), respectively; enterolignans and equol were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women, but this association became non-significant when dietary Ca was added to the model. In the lowest quintile of Ca intake, soya isoflavones were positively associated with bone density in postmenopausal women (β = 1·4; P < 0·1), according to "Association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and bone density in men and postmenopausal women" by Kuhnle GG, Ward HA, Vogiatzoglou A, Luben RN, Mulligan A, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG, Khaw KT.(3)
4. Antioxidant effects
In the testing effects of the soy isoflavone genistein on antioxidant enzymes in DU145 prostate cancer cells, found that Genistein significantly decreased reactive oxygen species levels and induced the expression of the antioxidant enzymes manganese (Mn) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, which were associated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) pathways. The induced expression of catalase, MnSOD, and PTEN were attenuated by pretreatment with a pharmacological inhibitor for AMPK. Furthermore, PTEN is essential for genistein activity, as shown by PTEN transfection in PTEN-deficient PC3 cells. Thus, genistein induces antioxidant enzymes through AMPK activation and increased PTEN expression. indicating the effects of genistein primarily depend on AMPK, according to "The antioxidant effects of genistein are associated with AMP-activated protein kinase activation and PTEN induction in prostate cancer cells" by Park CE, Yun H, Lee EB, Min BI, Bae H, Choe W, Kang I, Kim SS, Ha J.(4)
5. Anti cancers
In the determination of Genistein, the predominant isoflavones found in soy, has been shown to inhibit the carcinogenesis in animal models, indicated that there are growing body of experimental evidence that show the inhibition of human cancer cells by genistein through the modulation of genes that are related to the control of cell cycle and apoptosis. Moreover, it has been shown that genistein inhibits the activation of NF-kappa B and Akt signaling pathways, both of which are known to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Genistein is commonly known as phytoestrogen, which targets estrogen- and androgen-mediated signaling pathways in the processes of carcinogenesis, according to "Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention" by Sarkar FH, Li Y.(5)
6. Prostate cells
In the investigation of the hypothesis that the soy-isoflavone genistein could protect DNA of LAPC-4 prostate cells from oxidative stress-related damage by enhancing the expression of antioxidative genes and proteins, found that genistein protects prostate cells from oxidative stress-related DNA damage presumably by inducing the expression of antioxidative products, such as metallothioneins. Genistein, therefore, might counteract the age-related decline of important antioxidative defence systems which in turn maintain DNA integrity, according to "Genistein protects prostate cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and induces expression of genes involved in the defence against oxidative stress" by
Raschke M, Rowland IR, Magee PJ, Pool-Zobel BL(6)
7. Breast cancer
In the investigation of the potential preventive effects of lycopene and genistein, alone and in combination, on breast cancer development in female Wistar rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), a carcinogen known to induce breast tumors.
found that treatment was continued for 20 wk. Rats treated with DMBA developed mammary tumors with 100% tumor incidence during the 20-wk study. Inhibition of mammary cancer incidence by lycopene (70%), genistein (60%) and their combination (40%) was observed. Tumor weight decreased by 48%, 61%, and 67%, and mean tumor volume decreased by 18%, 35%, and 65% with lycopene, genistein, and lycopene + genistein, respectively (P < 0.01 for the combination). The proportions of adenocarcinoma masses decreased with lycopene and genistein combination (P < 0.05). Administration of lycopene and genistein combination suppressed breast cancer development and was associated with a decrease in MDA, 8-isoprostane, and 8-OhdG levels and with an increase in serum lycopene and genistein levels. Animals administered DMBA developed breast cancer, which was associated with increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9 in mammary tissues, according to "Inhibitory effects of combination of lycopene and genistein on 7,12- dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in rats" by Sahin K, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Akdemir F, Ozercan I, Bayraktar S, Kucuk O.(7)
8. Neuroprotective effects
in the investigation of whether GEN could alleviate oxidative damage induced by beta-amyloid peptides 25-35 (Abeta25-35) in PC12 cells, found that GEN attenuated the cytotoxicity and partially prevented apoptosis induced by Abeta25-35. GEN dramatically attenuated ROS levels induced by Abeta25-35 in PC12 cells. In addition, GEN significantly reversed the reduction of MMP caused by Abeta25-35 to maintain the normal levels of the cells. The GSH/GSSG ratio in GEN pretreated groups significantly increased compared to the groups without GEN pretreatment. GEN reversed Abeta25-35 induced down regulation of the protein expression of gamma-GCS, Nrf2 and HO-1, according to "Genistein as a neuroprotective antioxidant attenuates redox imbalance induced by beta-amyloid peptides 25-35 in PC12 cells" by Ma W, Yuan L, Yu H, Ding B, Xi Y, Feng J, Xiao R.(8)
9. Anti diabetes
In the investigation of the effect of genistein on beta-cell proliferation and cellular signaling related to this effect and further determined its antidiabetic potential in insulin-deficient diabetic mice, found that genistein induced protein expression of cyclin D1, a major cell-cycle regulator essential for beta-cell growth. Dietary intake of genistein significantly improved hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, and blood insulin levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, concomitant with improved islet beta-cell proliferation, survival, and mass. These results demonstrate that genistein may be a natural antidiabetic agent by directly modulating pancreatic beta-cell function via activation of the cAMP/PKA-dependent ERK1/2 signaling pathway, according to "Genistein induces pancreatic beta-cell proliferation through activation of multiple signaling pathways and prevents insulin-deficient diabetes in mice" by Fu Z, Zhang W, Zhen W, Lum H, Nadler J, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jia Z, Wang Y, Misra H, Liu D.(9)
10. Bone homeostasis
In the deiermination of the effect of genistein on bone homeostasis in mandibular subchondral bone of rats.Methods:Female SD rats were administered with genistein (10 and 50 mg/kg) or placebo by oral gavage for 6 weeks, found that the low and high doses of genistein significantly increased the expression of ERβ, while ERα expression was increased by the low dose genistein and decreased by the high dose genistein. ERβ silencing abrogated most of the effects of genistein treatment.Conclusion:In rat mandibular condylar subchondral bone, low-dose genistein increases bone formation and inhibit bone resorption, while excess genistein inhibits both bone formation and resorption, according to"Dose-dependent effects of genistein on bone homeostasis in rats' mandibular subchondral bone" by
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal7. Breast cancer
In the investigation of the potential preventive effects of lycopene and genistein, alone and in combination, on breast cancer development in female Wistar rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), a carcinogen known to induce breast tumors.
found that treatment was continued for 20 wk. Rats treated with DMBA developed mammary tumors with 100% tumor incidence during the 20-wk study. Inhibition of mammary cancer incidence by lycopene (70%), genistein (60%) and their combination (40%) was observed. Tumor weight decreased by 48%, 61%, and 67%, and mean tumor volume decreased by 18%, 35%, and 65% with lycopene, genistein, and lycopene + genistein, respectively (P < 0.01 for the combination). The proportions of adenocarcinoma masses decreased with lycopene and genistein combination (P < 0.05). Administration of lycopene and genistein combination suppressed breast cancer development and was associated with a decrease in MDA, 8-isoprostane, and 8-OhdG levels and with an increase in serum lycopene and genistein levels. Animals administered DMBA developed breast cancer, which was associated with increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9 in mammary tissues, according to "Inhibitory effects of combination of lycopene and genistein on 7,12- dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in rats" by Sahin K, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Akdemir F, Ozercan I, Bayraktar S, Kucuk O.(7)
8. Neuroprotective effects
in the investigation of whether GEN could alleviate oxidative damage induced by beta-amyloid peptides 25-35 (Abeta25-35) in PC12 cells, found that GEN attenuated the cytotoxicity and partially prevented apoptosis induced by Abeta25-35. GEN dramatically attenuated ROS levels induced by Abeta25-35 in PC12 cells. In addition, GEN significantly reversed the reduction of MMP caused by Abeta25-35 to maintain the normal levels of the cells. The GSH/GSSG ratio in GEN pretreated groups significantly increased compared to the groups without GEN pretreatment. GEN reversed Abeta25-35 induced down regulation of the protein expression of gamma-GCS, Nrf2 and HO-1, according to "Genistein as a neuroprotective antioxidant attenuates redox imbalance induced by beta-amyloid peptides 25-35 in PC12 cells" by Ma W, Yuan L, Yu H, Ding B, Xi Y, Feng J, Xiao R.(8)
9. Anti diabetes
In the investigation of the effect of genistein on beta-cell proliferation and cellular signaling related to this effect and further determined its antidiabetic potential in insulin-deficient diabetic mice, found that genistein induced protein expression of cyclin D1, a major cell-cycle regulator essential for beta-cell growth. Dietary intake of genistein significantly improved hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, and blood insulin levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, concomitant with improved islet beta-cell proliferation, survival, and mass. These results demonstrate that genistein may be a natural antidiabetic agent by directly modulating pancreatic beta-cell function via activation of the cAMP/PKA-dependent ERK1/2 signaling pathway, according to "Genistein induces pancreatic beta-cell proliferation through activation of multiple signaling pathways and prevents insulin-deficient diabetes in mice" by Fu Z, Zhang W, Zhen W, Lum H, Nadler J, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jia Z, Wang Y, Misra H, Liu D.(9)
10. Bone homeostasis
In the deiermination of the effect of genistein on bone homeostasis in mandibular subchondral bone of rats.Methods:Female SD rats were administered with genistein (10 and 50 mg/kg) or placebo by oral gavage for 6 weeks, found that the low and high doses of genistein significantly increased the expression of ERβ, while ERα expression was increased by the low dose genistein and decreased by the high dose genistein. ERβ silencing abrogated most of the effects of genistein treatment.Conclusion:In rat mandibular condylar subchondral bone, low-dose genistein increases bone formation and inhibit bone resorption, while excess genistein inhibits both bone formation and resorption, according to"Dose-dependent effects of genistein on bone homeostasis in rats' mandibular subchondral bone" by
Li YQ, Xing XH, Wang H, Weng XL, Yu SB, Dong GY.(10)
11. Obesity
In the study of the role of ER alpha and ER beta in a model of nutrition induced obesity, found that Treatment with E2 and Alpha decreased body weight, total cholesterol and VLDL. Visceral fat mass, adipocyte size, and serum leptin were reduced by E2, Alpha and Beta. In the soleus muscle, treatment with E2 and Beta modulated Igf1 and Pax7 gene expression and resulted in larger muscle fibers, according to "Impact of estradiol, ER subtype specific agonists and genistein on energy homeostasis in a rat model of nutrition induced obesity" by
Weigt C, Hertrampf T, Zoth N, Fritzemeier KH, Diel P.(11)
Etc.
11. Obesity
In the study of the role of ER alpha and ER beta in a model of nutrition induced obesity, found that Treatment with E2 and Alpha decreased body weight, total cholesterol and VLDL. Visceral fat mass, adipocyte size, and serum leptin were reduced by E2, Alpha and Beta. In the soleus muscle, treatment with E2 and Beta modulated Igf1 and Pax7 gene expression and resulted in larger muscle fibers, according to "Impact of estradiol, ER subtype specific agonists and genistein on energy homeostasis in a rat model of nutrition induced obesity" by
Weigt C, Hertrampf T, Zoth N, Fritzemeier KH, Diel P.(11)
Etc.
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293631
(2) http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/20335/
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292769
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673057
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736835
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14628433
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958026
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20362658
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20484465
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22120966
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230815
Phytochemicals in Foods - 13 Health Benefits of Glycitein
Glycitein is a
phytochemical in the Isoflavones, belonging to the group of Flavonoids
(polyphenols), found abundantly in food of the family of legumes, soy,
peanuts, chick peas, fava beans, alfalfa, kudzu, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Prostate cancer
In the examination of the effects of the soy isoflavone glycitein on cellular differentiation in prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1, WPE1-NB14, and RWPE-2), found that Glycitein significantly inhibited RWPE-1 cellular proliferation at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 50 microM. Expression of the luminal epithelial cell marker cytokeratin 18 was not affected by glycitein treatment in the WPE1-NB14 and RWPE-2 cell line, according to "Basal cell induced differentiation of noncancerous prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1) by glycitein" by Clubbs EA, Bomser JA(1)
2. Endometrial cancer
In the observation of the effects of Phytochemicals found in soy and other legumes in reducing the risk of endometrial cancer, found that a reduced risk of endometrial cancer was associated with total isoflavone intake (highest vs lowest quintile, ≥7.82 vs <1.59 mg per 1000 kcal/d, RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.91), daidzein intake (highest vs lowest quintile, ≥3.54 vs <0.70 mg per 1000 kcal/d, RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.46 to 0.90), and genistein intake (highest vs lowest quintile, ≥3.40 vs <0.69 mg per 1000 kcal/d, RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.91). No statistically significant association with endometrial cancer risk was observed for increasing intake of legumes, soy, tofu, or glycitein. Truncated age-adjusted incidence rates of endometrial cancer for the highest vs lowest quintile of total isoflavone intake were 55 vs 107 per 100 000 women per year, respectively, according to "Legume, soy, tofu, and isoflavone intake and endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women in the multiethnic cohort study" by Ollberding NJ, Lim U, Wilkens LR, Setiawan VW, Shvetsov YB, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Goodman MT.(2)
3. Ovarian cancer
In the evaluation of the impact of phytoestrogen consumption on breast cancer risk and its role on ovarian cancer, found that No statistically significant associations were found with any of the phytoestrogens under evaluation. However, there was a suggestion of an inverse association with total phytoestrogen consumption (from foods and supplements), with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.62 (95% CI: 0.38-1.00; p for trend: 0.04) for the highest vs. lowest tertile of consumption, after adjusting for reproductive covariates, age, race, education, BMI, and total energy. Further adjustment for smoking and physical activity attenuated risk estimates (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.41-1.08), according to "Phytoestrogen consumption from foods and supplements and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: a population-based case control study" by Bandera EV, King M, Chandran U, Paddock LE, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Olson SH.(3)
4. Antioxidants
in the evaluation of the antioxidant activity and contents of various polyphenol classes in the seeds of seven soybean varieties of different seed color and one yellow seed cultivar, found that antioxidant activity of seed extracts was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity assay. A positive linear correlation between antioxidant activity and contents of total polyphenols and anthocyanins was established. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extracts of black and brown varieties, which also showed high levels of all polyphenol classes examined. Yellow seed had the highest total isoflavone content (3.62 mg/g of dry material). The highest concentration of total daidzein was determined in black seeds (>2.0 mg/g of dry material), and the highest total glycitein and genistein contents occurred in the yellow cultivar (0.53 and 1.49 mg/g of dry material, respectively). According to our results, varieties of black and brown seeds could be of special interest not only for their large content of total polyphenols, ranging from 4.94 to 6.22 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry material, but also for their high content of natural antioxidants such as anthocyanins, according to "Polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of colored soybean seeds from central europe" by Malenčić D, Cvejić J, Miladinović J.(4)
5. Cervical cancer
In the evaluation of the effect of a soy-derived isoflavone mixture (designated as SI-I, containing 71% daidzein, 14.3% genistein and 14.7% glycitein) on HeLa cells and its mechanism were investigated. SI-I in concentration range 5-80 μg/ml significantly reduced the survival rate of HeLa cells by MTT assay, found that SI-I inhibited HeLa cell growth through inducing apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and comparisons with reported data indicated that synergistic effect existed between the isoflavone species contained in SI-I. It is proposed that natural soy-derived isoflavones are potential candidates as chemotherapeutic agents against human cervical cancer, according to "Soy-derived isoflavones inhibit HeLa cell growth by inducing apoptosis" by Xiao JX, Huang GQ, Geng X, Qiu HW.(5)
6. Colon cancer
In the investigation of the cellular effects of soy isoflavones (composed of genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) in DLD-1 human colon adenocarcinoma cells with or without ER-β gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi), found that maintaining the expression of ER-β is crucial in mediating the growth-suppressive effects of soy isoflavones against colon tumors. Thus upregulation of ER-β status by specific food-borne ER-ligands such as soy isoflavones could potentially be a dietary prevention or therapeutic strategy for colon cancer, according to "Estrogen receptor-β mediates the inhibition of DLD-1 human colon adenocarcinoma cells by soy isoflavones" by Bielecki A, Roberts J, Mehta R, Raju J.(6)
7. Osteoclast differentiation and apoptosis
In the investigation of the effects of glycitein on osteoclast differentiation and apoptosis in vitro,
found that Osteoclast generation was inhibited by glycitein in a biphasic-dose-dependent manner and showed the greatest inhibitory effects at 10 nM (-70%, p < 0.01). Glycitein increased caspase 3/7 activity by 15% at a concentration of 10 nM (p < 0.001). Further, 10 nM glycitein significantly decreased the expression of IL-6 (-53%, p < 0.05) and RANKL (-64%, p < 0.05) in osteoblasts but did not change mRNA levels of OPG, according to "Glycitein decreases the generation of murine osteoclasts and increases apoptosis" by Winzer M, Rauner M, Pietschmann P.(7)
8. Anti allergic effects
in the investigation of the production of beta-maltooligosaccharides of glycitein and daidzein using Lactobacillus delbrueckii and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) as biocatalysts,
found that The 7-O-beta-glucosides of glycitein and daidzein and 7-O-beta-maltoside of glycitein showed inhibitory effects on IgE antibody production. On the other hand, beta-glucosides of glycitein and daidzein exerted 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity and supeoxide-radical scavenging activity, according to "Synthesis of beta-maltooligosaccharides of glycitein and daidzein and their anti-oxidant and anti-allergic activities" by Shimoda K, Hamada H.(8)
9. Anti-photoaging effects
In the evaluation of purified soy isoflavone extract from soybean cake for the protective effects on UVB-induced damage, Fraction 3, which contains the aglycone group (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) and acetylglucoside group (acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin and acetylglycitin) of soy isoflavones, could inhibit UVB-induced death of human keratinocytes and reduce the level of desquamation, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema and epidermal thickness in mouse skin, according to "Anti-photoaging effects of soy isoflavone extract (aglycone and acetylglucoside form) from soybean cake" by Huang CC, Hsu BY, Wu NL, Tsui WH, Lin TJ, Su CC, Hung CF.(9)
10. Hypolipidemic effects
In the comprison of whether Monascus-fermented soybean extracts (MFSE) enriched with bioactive mevinolins (natural statins) and aglycone isoflavones (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) perform an additive hypolipidemic effect in hyperlipidemic ratsand unfermented soybean extracts (UFSE), which have a higher level of glucoside isoflavones (daidzin, glycitin, and genistin) without mevinolin, found that treatment with both MFSE200 and MFSE400 groups for 40 days significantly reduced the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase by averages of 35.6 and 43.2%, respectively, as compared to the high-fat diet group (p < 0.01). The results indicate that MFSE performs a more potent hypolipidemic action via improvement of the lipid profiles and down-regulated HMG-CoA reductase activity than UFSE in hyperlipidemic rats, according to "Hypolipidemic effects of Monascus-fermented soybean extracts in rats fed a high-fat and -cholesterol diet" by Pyo YH, Seong KS.(10)
11. Metabolic and inflammatory markers
in the measurement of glucose, insulin, and adipokines/cytokines in 75 healthy postmenopausal women who were randomized to receive 20 g of soy protein with 160 mg of total isoflavones (64 mg genistein, 63 mg daidzein, and 34 mg glycitein) or 20 g of soy protein placebo for 12 weeks. Women taking estrogen discontinued therapy at least 3 months before the study, found that after 12 weeks of treatment, there were significant positive changes in tumor necrosis factor alpha levels within the placebo group (P < 0.0001) and adiponectin levels within the isoflavone group (P = 0.03). Comparison of pre-post change between the groups showed a small but significant increase in serum adiponectin levels in the isoflavone group (P = 0.03) compared with the placebo group. No significant changes were seen in any other parameter between the two groups, according to "Effects of high-dose isoflavones on metabolic and inflammatory markers in healthy postmenopausal women" by Charles C, Yuskavage J, Carlson O, John M, Tagalicud AS, Maggio M, Muller DC, Egan J, Basaria S.(11)
12. Post-menopausal effects
found that high-dose isoflavones is associated with improved QOL among women who have become menopausal recently. Hence, the timing of isoflavone supplementation with regards to the onset of menopause appears to be important. The use of isoflavones, as an alternative to estrogen therapy, may be potentially useful and seemingly safe in this group of women who are looking for relief from menopausal symptoms, according to "Effect of high-dose isoflavones on cognition, quality of life, androgens, and lipoprotein in post-menopausal women" by Basaria S, Wisniewski A, Dupree K, Bruno T, Song MY, Yao F, Ojumu A, John M, Dobs AS.(12)
13. Obesity
In the investigation of Soygerm isoflavones fermentated by Bifidobacterium breve with most of isoflavone glycosides (daidzin, glycitin and genistin) in soygerms were deglycosylated to their corresponding isoflavone aglycones (daidzein, glycitein and genistein) within 24 h fermentation, found that ral administration of fermented isoflavones effectively suppressed absorption of excessive lipid into a body. Addition of either unfermented or fermented soygerm isoflavones effectively inhibited adipocyte differentiation from 3T3-L1 in a dose dependent manner., according to "Anti-obesity activities of fermented soygerm isoflavones by Bifidobacterium breve" by Choi I, Kim Y, Park Y, Seog H, Choi H.(13)
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19373613
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158125
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943063
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861721
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21503668
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21161820
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20714813
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20714292
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614173
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19697921
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18981951
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19411814
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17673827
Health Benefits
1. Prostate cancer
In the examination of the effects of the soy isoflavone glycitein on cellular differentiation in prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1, WPE1-NB14, and RWPE-2), found that Glycitein significantly inhibited RWPE-1 cellular proliferation at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 50 microM. Expression of the luminal epithelial cell marker cytokeratin 18 was not affected by glycitein treatment in the WPE1-NB14 and RWPE-2 cell line, according to "Basal cell induced differentiation of noncancerous prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1) by glycitein" by Clubbs EA, Bomser JA(1)
2. Endometrial cancer
In the observation of the effects of Phytochemicals found in soy and other legumes in reducing the risk of endometrial cancer, found that a reduced risk of endometrial cancer was associated with total isoflavone intake (highest vs lowest quintile, ≥7.82 vs <1.59 mg per 1000 kcal/d, RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.91), daidzein intake (highest vs lowest quintile, ≥3.54 vs <0.70 mg per 1000 kcal/d, RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.46 to 0.90), and genistein intake (highest vs lowest quintile, ≥3.40 vs <0.69 mg per 1000 kcal/d, RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.91). No statistically significant association with endometrial cancer risk was observed for increasing intake of legumes, soy, tofu, or glycitein. Truncated age-adjusted incidence rates of endometrial cancer for the highest vs lowest quintile of total isoflavone intake were 55 vs 107 per 100 000 women per year, respectively, according to "Legume, soy, tofu, and isoflavone intake and endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women in the multiethnic cohort study" by Ollberding NJ, Lim U, Wilkens LR, Setiawan VW, Shvetsov YB, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Goodman MT.(2)
3. Ovarian cancer
In the evaluation of the impact of phytoestrogen consumption on breast cancer risk and its role on ovarian cancer, found that No statistically significant associations were found with any of the phytoestrogens under evaluation. However, there was a suggestion of an inverse association with total phytoestrogen consumption (from foods and supplements), with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.62 (95% CI: 0.38-1.00; p for trend: 0.04) for the highest vs. lowest tertile of consumption, after adjusting for reproductive covariates, age, race, education, BMI, and total energy. Further adjustment for smoking and physical activity attenuated risk estimates (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.41-1.08), according to "Phytoestrogen consumption from foods and supplements and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: a population-based case control study" by Bandera EV, King M, Chandran U, Paddock LE, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Olson SH.(3)
4. Antioxidants
in the evaluation of the antioxidant activity and contents of various polyphenol classes in the seeds of seven soybean varieties of different seed color and one yellow seed cultivar, found that antioxidant activity of seed extracts was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity assay. A positive linear correlation between antioxidant activity and contents of total polyphenols and anthocyanins was established. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extracts of black and brown varieties, which also showed high levels of all polyphenol classes examined. Yellow seed had the highest total isoflavone content (3.62 mg/g of dry material). The highest concentration of total daidzein was determined in black seeds (>2.0 mg/g of dry material), and the highest total glycitein and genistein contents occurred in the yellow cultivar (0.53 and 1.49 mg/g of dry material, respectively). According to our results, varieties of black and brown seeds could be of special interest not only for their large content of total polyphenols, ranging from 4.94 to 6.22 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry material, but also for their high content of natural antioxidants such as anthocyanins, according to "Polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of colored soybean seeds from central europe" by Malenčić D, Cvejić J, Miladinović J.(4)
5. Cervical cancer
In the evaluation of the effect of a soy-derived isoflavone mixture (designated as SI-I, containing 71% daidzein, 14.3% genistein and 14.7% glycitein) on HeLa cells and its mechanism were investigated. SI-I in concentration range 5-80 μg/ml significantly reduced the survival rate of HeLa cells by MTT assay, found that SI-I inhibited HeLa cell growth through inducing apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and comparisons with reported data indicated that synergistic effect existed between the isoflavone species contained in SI-I. It is proposed that natural soy-derived isoflavones are potential candidates as chemotherapeutic agents against human cervical cancer, according to "Soy-derived isoflavones inhibit HeLa cell growth by inducing apoptosis" by Xiao JX, Huang GQ, Geng X, Qiu HW.(5)
6. Colon cancer
In the investigation of the cellular effects of soy isoflavones (composed of genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) in DLD-1 human colon adenocarcinoma cells with or without ER-β gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi), found that maintaining the expression of ER-β is crucial in mediating the growth-suppressive effects of soy isoflavones against colon tumors. Thus upregulation of ER-β status by specific food-borne ER-ligands such as soy isoflavones could potentially be a dietary prevention or therapeutic strategy for colon cancer, according to "Estrogen receptor-β mediates the inhibition of DLD-1 human colon adenocarcinoma cells by soy isoflavones" by Bielecki A, Roberts J, Mehta R, Raju J.(6)
7. Osteoclast differentiation and apoptosis
In the investigation of the effects of glycitein on osteoclast differentiation and apoptosis in vitro,
found that Osteoclast generation was inhibited by glycitein in a biphasic-dose-dependent manner and showed the greatest inhibitory effects at 10 nM (-70%, p < 0.01). Glycitein increased caspase 3/7 activity by 15% at a concentration of 10 nM (p < 0.001). Further, 10 nM glycitein significantly decreased the expression of IL-6 (-53%, p < 0.05) and RANKL (-64%, p < 0.05) in osteoblasts but did not change mRNA levels of OPG, according to "Glycitein decreases the generation of murine osteoclasts and increases apoptosis" by Winzer M, Rauner M, Pietschmann P.(7)
8. Anti allergic effects
in the investigation of the production of beta-maltooligosaccharides of glycitein and daidzein using Lactobacillus delbrueckii and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) as biocatalysts,
found that The 7-O-beta-glucosides of glycitein and daidzein and 7-O-beta-maltoside of glycitein showed inhibitory effects on IgE antibody production. On the other hand, beta-glucosides of glycitein and daidzein exerted 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity and supeoxide-radical scavenging activity, according to "Synthesis of beta-maltooligosaccharides of glycitein and daidzein and their anti-oxidant and anti-allergic activities" by Shimoda K, Hamada H.(8)
9. Anti-photoaging effects
In the evaluation of purified soy isoflavone extract from soybean cake for the protective effects on UVB-induced damage, Fraction 3, which contains the aglycone group (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) and acetylglucoside group (acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin and acetylglycitin) of soy isoflavones, could inhibit UVB-induced death of human keratinocytes and reduce the level of desquamation, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema and epidermal thickness in mouse skin, according to "Anti-photoaging effects of soy isoflavone extract (aglycone and acetylglucoside form) from soybean cake" by Huang CC, Hsu BY, Wu NL, Tsui WH, Lin TJ, Su CC, Hung CF.(9)
10. Hypolipidemic effects
In the comprison of whether Monascus-fermented soybean extracts (MFSE) enriched with bioactive mevinolins (natural statins) and aglycone isoflavones (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) perform an additive hypolipidemic effect in hyperlipidemic ratsand unfermented soybean extracts (UFSE), which have a higher level of glucoside isoflavones (daidzin, glycitin, and genistin) without mevinolin, found that treatment with both MFSE200 and MFSE400 groups for 40 days significantly reduced the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase by averages of 35.6 and 43.2%, respectively, as compared to the high-fat diet group (p < 0.01). The results indicate that MFSE performs a more potent hypolipidemic action via improvement of the lipid profiles and down-regulated HMG-CoA reductase activity than UFSE in hyperlipidemic rats, according to "Hypolipidemic effects of Monascus-fermented soybean extracts in rats fed a high-fat and -cholesterol diet" by Pyo YH, Seong KS.(10)
11. Metabolic and inflammatory markers
in the measurement of glucose, insulin, and adipokines/cytokines in 75 healthy postmenopausal women who were randomized to receive 20 g of soy protein with 160 mg of total isoflavones (64 mg genistein, 63 mg daidzein, and 34 mg glycitein) or 20 g of soy protein placebo for 12 weeks. Women taking estrogen discontinued therapy at least 3 months before the study, found that after 12 weeks of treatment, there were significant positive changes in tumor necrosis factor alpha levels within the placebo group (P < 0.0001) and adiponectin levels within the isoflavone group (P = 0.03). Comparison of pre-post change between the groups showed a small but significant increase in serum adiponectin levels in the isoflavone group (P = 0.03) compared with the placebo group. No significant changes were seen in any other parameter between the two groups, according to "Effects of high-dose isoflavones on metabolic and inflammatory markers in healthy postmenopausal women" by Charles C, Yuskavage J, Carlson O, John M, Tagalicud AS, Maggio M, Muller DC, Egan J, Basaria S.(11)
12. Post-menopausal effects
found that high-dose isoflavones is associated with improved QOL among women who have become menopausal recently. Hence, the timing of isoflavone supplementation with regards to the onset of menopause appears to be important. The use of isoflavones, as an alternative to estrogen therapy, may be potentially useful and seemingly safe in this group of women who are looking for relief from menopausal symptoms, according to "Effect of high-dose isoflavones on cognition, quality of life, androgens, and lipoprotein in post-menopausal women" by Basaria S, Wisniewski A, Dupree K, Bruno T, Song MY, Yao F, Ojumu A, John M, Dobs AS.(12)
13. Obesity
In the investigation of Soygerm isoflavones fermentated by Bifidobacterium breve with most of isoflavone glycosides (daidzin, glycitin and genistin) in soygerms were deglycosylated to their corresponding isoflavone aglycones (daidzein, glycitein and genistein) within 24 h fermentation, found that ral administration of fermented isoflavones effectively suppressed absorption of excessive lipid into a body. Addition of either unfermented or fermented soygerm isoflavones effectively inhibited adipocyte differentiation from 3T3-L1 in a dose dependent manner., according to "Anti-obesity activities of fermented soygerm isoflavones by Bifidobacterium breve" by Choi I, Kim Y, Park Y, Seog H, Choi H.(13)
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19373613
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158125
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943063
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861721
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21503668
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21161820
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20714813
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20714292
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614173
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19697921
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18981951
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19411814
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17673827
Phytochemicals in Foods - 8 Health Benefits of Flavanonols
Flavanonols (with two
"o"s aka 3-hydroxyflavanone or 2,3-dihydroflavonol) are a class of
flavonoids that use the 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-2-phenylchromen-4-one
(IUPAC name) backbone(a), found in Japanese Raisin Tree, the wood of Pinus sibirica, Prunus domestica, brazilian green propolis, Black mulberry, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidant capacity
In the determination of the antioxidant of the polyphenolic constituents in some fruits, using the total oxidant scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay, found that cutite showed the highest antioxidant capacity followed by jambolão, araçá, and muruci and antioxidant turned out to be primarily good sources of hydrolyzable tannins and/or flavonols, according to "Phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacity of four underutilized fruits from the Amazon region"by Gordon A, Jungfer E, da Silva BA, Maia JG, Marx F.(1)
2. Antibacterial and antiandrogen
In the demonstration of sixteen flavanones, three flavanonols, and four pterocarpans were isolated from the MeOH extract of the roots of Sophora flavescens, found that twelve of these were new compounds, including eight prenylflavanones (1-8), one prenylflavanonol (9) and three novel pterocarpane derivatives (10-12) have exhibited significant antibacterial activities against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, S. epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes. They also exhibited antiandrogen activities, according to 'Antibacterial and antiandrogen flavonoids from Sophora flavescens" by Kuroyanagi M, Arakawa T, Hirayama Y, Hayashi T.(2)
3. Anti viral effects
In testing several flavonoids effects on Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase activity and studies of four groups of flavonoids, namely flavones, flavanones, flavonols, and flavanonols, found that flavonols and flavanonols were very active in this regard while flavones and flavanones displayed very low activity, according to "Inhibitory effects of flavonoids on Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase activity" by Chu SC, Hsieh YS, Lin JY.(3)
4. Hepatic and intestinal microsomes
In the investigation of fifteen flavonoids for their effects on the activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase in rat hepatic and intestinal microsomes, found that Polyhydroxylated flavonoids with a C2-C3 double bond (flavones and flavonols) were more effective inhibitors of the enzyme in both hepatic and intestinal microsomes than were the reduced homologues (flavanonols, flavanones and flavan-3-ols). In contrast, flavones lacking hydroxyl substituents (e.g. 5,6-benzoflavone, 7,8-benzoflavone and flavone) increased ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity in liver microsomes although they had an inhibitory effect in intestinal microsomes, according to "Comparison of the effects of various flavonoids on ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity of rat intestinal and hepatic microsomes" by Vernet A, Siess MH.(4)
5. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake
In the assessment of the effects of different classes of flavonoids on insulin-stimulated 2-deoxy-D-[1-(3)H]glucose uptake by mouse MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells differentiated into mature adipose cells, found that the flavones, apigenin and luteolin, the flavonols, kaempferol, quercetin and fisetin, an isoflavone, genistein, a flavanonol, silybin, and the flavanols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and theaflavins, significantly inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, according to "Inhibitory mechanisms of flavonoids on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in MC3T3-G2/PA6 adipose cells" by Nomura M, Takahashi T, Nagata N, Tsutsumi K, Kobayashi S, Akiba T, Yokogawa K, Moritani S, Miyamoto K.(5)
6. Anti cancers
In the investigation of Flavonoids and their protective effects against cancer development through several biological mechanisms, found that intake of individual flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin) and flavones (apigenin and luteolin) was assessed and found that The multivariate RRs of total cancer across increasing quintiles of total quantified flavonoid intake were 1.00, 1.00, 0.93, 0.94, and 0.97 (P for trend = 0.72). For site-specific cancers, the multivariate RRs in the highest quintile of total quantified flavonoid intake compared with the lowest quintile were 1.03 for breast cancer, 1.01 for colorectal cancer, 1.03 for lung cancer, 1.15 for endometrial cancer, and 1.09 for ovarian cancer (all P > 0.05), according to "Dietary intake of selected flavonols, flavones, and flavonoid-rich foods and risk of cancer in middle-aged and older women" by Wang L, Lee IM, Zhang SM, Blumberg JB, Buring JE, Sesso HD.(6)
7. Colon caner
In the observation of quercetin enhancing the activity of the differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidyl peptidase in Caco-2 colon cancer cells, found that flavonols can have pro-oxidant effects, but our data suggested that this action was not the sole determinant of growth inhibitory or differentiating effects on Caco-2 cells. Our data indicated that effects of quercetin on colon cancer cell lines can be greatly affected by glycoside modification, according to "Inhibition of growth and induction of alkaline phosphatase in colon cancer cells by flavonols and flavonol glycosides" by Lea MA, Ibeh C, Deutsch JK, Hamid I, desBordes C.(7)
8. Anti inflammatory effects
In the examination in a double-blind intervention study conducted with two groups of non-smoking, un-treated sarcoidosis patients, matched for age and gender. One group was given 4x500 mg quercetin (n = 12) orally within 24 h, the other one placebo (n = 6). Plasma malondialdehyde levels were used as marker of oxidative damage, plasma ratios of TNFα/IL-10 and IL-8/IL-10 as pro-inflammatory markers, found that Sarcoidosis patients might benefit from the use of antioxidants, such as quercetin in the group of Flavonols, to reduce the occurring oxidative stress as well as inflammation. The effects of long-term use of antioxidant supplementation in sarcoidosis, using e.g. quercetin, on improvement of lung function remain to be investigated, according to "Quercetin reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in sarcoidosis" by Boots AW, Drent M, de Boer VC, Bast A, Haenen GR.(8)
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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Sources
(a) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroflavonol
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21662239
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10654410
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1378087
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3491024
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18591783
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19158208
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944146
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324570
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidant capacity
In the determination of the antioxidant of the polyphenolic constituents in some fruits, using the total oxidant scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay, found that cutite showed the highest antioxidant capacity followed by jambolão, araçá, and muruci and antioxidant turned out to be primarily good sources of hydrolyzable tannins and/or flavonols, according to "Phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacity of four underutilized fruits from the Amazon region"by Gordon A, Jungfer E, da Silva BA, Maia JG, Marx F.(1)
2. Antibacterial and antiandrogen
In the demonstration of sixteen flavanones, three flavanonols, and four pterocarpans were isolated from the MeOH extract of the roots of Sophora flavescens, found that twelve of these were new compounds, including eight prenylflavanones (1-8), one prenylflavanonol (9) and three novel pterocarpane derivatives (10-12) have exhibited significant antibacterial activities against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, S. epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes. They also exhibited antiandrogen activities, according to 'Antibacterial and antiandrogen flavonoids from Sophora flavescens" by Kuroyanagi M, Arakawa T, Hirayama Y, Hayashi T.(2)
3. Anti viral effects
In testing several flavonoids effects on Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase activity and studies of four groups of flavonoids, namely flavones, flavanones, flavonols, and flavanonols, found that flavonols and flavanonols were very active in this regard while flavones and flavanones displayed very low activity, according to "Inhibitory effects of flavonoids on Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase activity" by Chu SC, Hsieh YS, Lin JY.(3)
4. Hepatic and intestinal microsomes
In the investigation of fifteen flavonoids for their effects on the activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase in rat hepatic and intestinal microsomes, found that Polyhydroxylated flavonoids with a C2-C3 double bond (flavones and flavonols) were more effective inhibitors of the enzyme in both hepatic and intestinal microsomes than were the reduced homologues (flavanonols, flavanones and flavan-3-ols). In contrast, flavones lacking hydroxyl substituents (e.g. 5,6-benzoflavone, 7,8-benzoflavone and flavone) increased ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity in liver microsomes although they had an inhibitory effect in intestinal microsomes, according to "Comparison of the effects of various flavonoids on ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity of rat intestinal and hepatic microsomes" by Vernet A, Siess MH.(4)
5. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake
In the assessment of the effects of different classes of flavonoids on insulin-stimulated 2-deoxy-D-[1-(3)H]glucose uptake by mouse MC3T3-G2/PA6 cells differentiated into mature adipose cells, found that the flavones, apigenin and luteolin, the flavonols, kaempferol, quercetin and fisetin, an isoflavone, genistein, a flavanonol, silybin, and the flavanols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and theaflavins, significantly inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, according to "Inhibitory mechanisms of flavonoids on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in MC3T3-G2/PA6 adipose cells" by Nomura M, Takahashi T, Nagata N, Tsutsumi K, Kobayashi S, Akiba T, Yokogawa K, Moritani S, Miyamoto K.(5)
6. Anti cancers
In the investigation of Flavonoids and their protective effects against cancer development through several biological mechanisms, found that intake of individual flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin) and flavones (apigenin and luteolin) was assessed and found that The multivariate RRs of total cancer across increasing quintiles of total quantified flavonoid intake were 1.00, 1.00, 0.93, 0.94, and 0.97 (P for trend = 0.72). For site-specific cancers, the multivariate RRs in the highest quintile of total quantified flavonoid intake compared with the lowest quintile were 1.03 for breast cancer, 1.01 for colorectal cancer, 1.03 for lung cancer, 1.15 for endometrial cancer, and 1.09 for ovarian cancer (all P > 0.05), according to "Dietary intake of selected flavonols, flavones, and flavonoid-rich foods and risk of cancer in middle-aged and older women" by Wang L, Lee IM, Zhang SM, Blumberg JB, Buring JE, Sesso HD.(6)
7. Colon caner
In the observation of quercetin enhancing the activity of the differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidyl peptidase in Caco-2 colon cancer cells, found that flavonols can have pro-oxidant effects, but our data suggested that this action was not the sole determinant of growth inhibitory or differentiating effects on Caco-2 cells. Our data indicated that effects of quercetin on colon cancer cell lines can be greatly affected by glycoside modification, according to "Inhibition of growth and induction of alkaline phosphatase in colon cancer cells by flavonols and flavonol glycosides" by Lea MA, Ibeh C, Deutsch JK, Hamid I, desBordes C.(7)
8. Anti inflammatory effects
In the examination in a double-blind intervention study conducted with two groups of non-smoking, un-treated sarcoidosis patients, matched for age and gender. One group was given 4x500 mg quercetin (n = 12) orally within 24 h, the other one placebo (n = 6). Plasma malondialdehyde levels were used as marker of oxidative damage, plasma ratios of TNFα/IL-10 and IL-8/IL-10 as pro-inflammatory markers, found that Sarcoidosis patients might benefit from the use of antioxidants, such as quercetin in the group of Flavonols, to reduce the occurring oxidative stress as well as inflammation. The effects of long-term use of antioxidant supplementation in sarcoidosis, using e.g. quercetin, on improvement of lung function remain to be investigated, according to "Quercetin reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in sarcoidosis" by Boots AW, Drent M, de Boer VC, Bast A, Haenen GR.(8)
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(a) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroflavonol
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21662239
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10654410
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1378087
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3491024
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18591783
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19158208
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944146
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324570
Phytochemicals in Foods - 10 Health Benefits of Chalconoids
Chalconoids, also known as
chalcones are natural phenols, in the class of Flavonoids
(polyphenols), found abundantly in some foods and many plants,
including hops.
Health Benefits
1. Anti cancers
In the review focus primarily on prominent members of the chalcone family with an 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenon core structure, indicated that compounds of this family have been shown to interfere with each step of carcinogenesis, including initiation, promotion and progression. Moreover, numerous compounds from the family of dietary chalcones appear to show activity against cancer cells, suggesting that these molecules or their derivatives may be considered as potential anticancer drugs, according to "Dietary chalcones with chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential" by Orlikova B, Tasdemir D, Golais F, Dicato M, Diederich M.(1)
2. Antimicrobial activities
In the observation of 2-Acetylbenzofuran 1 on treatment with substituted aldehydes affords the corresponding chalcones 2a-c, found that Treatment of the chalcones with nitromethane under Michael addition condition furnished the corresponding Michael adducts 3a-c. Cyclocondensation of the chalcones 2a and 2b with thiosemicarbazide under basic refluxing conditions gave 3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-5-(4-aryl)-4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbothioamides 4a,b. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities at 100 microg concentration. Some of our compounds showed excellent antimicrobial activities than control drugs, according to "Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of 1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-4-nitro-3-arylbutan-1-ones and 3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-5-aryl-1-[4-(aryl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-1H-pyrazoles" by Abdel-Wahab BF, Abdel-Aziz HA, Ahmed EM.(2)
3. Anti tuberculosis
In a series of twenty seven novel aryloxy azolyl chalcones synthesized and evaluated in vitro for the growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, found that compound 19, an imidazolyl chalcone with a 2,4-difluorobenzyloxy moiety also exhibited moderate in vivo activity in mice against virulent M. tuberculosis, thus providing a new structural lead towards TB drug development, according to "Novel aryloxy azolyl chalcones with potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv" by Marrapu VK, Chaturvedi V, Singh S, Singh S, Sinha S, Bhandari K.(3)
4. Liver fibrosis
In the investigation of the effect of xanthohumol, the major prenylated chalcone found in hops, in an acute model of liver injury as a result of Carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), an industrial solvent, is a hepatotoxic agent and its administration is widely used as an animal model of toxin-induced liver injury, found that the protective effects of xanthohumol in this toxic liver injury model involves direct mechanisms related to its ability to block both hepatic inflammation and the activation of hepatic stellate cells, presumable at least in part via decreasing NFκB activity. Thus, this study further indicates the potential of xanthohumol application to prevent or ameliorate the development and progression of liver fibrosis in response to hepatic injury, according to "Protective effect of xanthohumol on toxin-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis" by Dorn C, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C.(4)
5. Anti Inflammatory and neuroprotective effects
In the evaluation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, found that Lico-E is a potential activator of the Nrf2/ARE-dependent pathway and is therapeutically relevant not only to oxidative-stress-related neurodegeneration but also inflammatory responses of microglial cells both in vitro and in vivo, according to "Licochalcone E activates Nrf2/antioxidant response element signaling pathway in both neuronal and microglial cells: therapeutic relevance to neurodegenerative disease" by Kim SS, Lim J, Bang Y, Gal J, Lee SU, Cho YC, Yoon G, Kang BY, Cheon SH, Choi HJ.(5)
6. Antiplasmodial activity
In the observation of Chalcone derivatives on an estradiol framework for their ability to inhibit the growth and development of the malaria parasite, found that a positive correlation was also observed among the antiplasmodial activity and inhibition of new permeation pathway. These observations suggest that steroidal chalcones with selective activity for the parasite may be considered as antimalarial leads for further optimization and preclinical study, according to "Antiplasmodial activity of steroidal chalcones: evaluation of their effect on hemozoin synthesis and the new permeation pathway of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte membrane" by Sisodia BS, Negi AS, Darokar MP, Dwivedi UN, Khanuja SP.(6)
7. Prostate cancer
In the study of a number of cyclohexenyl chalcone Diels-Alder natural products possess promising biological properties including strong cytotoxicity in various human cancer cells found that Herein, which is a natural products in this class including panduratin A and nicolaioidesin C inhibit cysteine cathepsins as indicated by protease profiling assays and cell-free cathepsin L enzyme assays. Owing to the critical roles of cathepsins in the biology of human tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis, these findings should pave the way for development of novel antitumor agents for use in clinical settings, according to "Synthetic cyclohexenyl chalcone natural products possess cytotoxic activities against prostate cancer cells and inhibit cysteine cathepsins in vitro" by Deb Majumdar I, Devanabanda A, Fox B, Schwartzman J, Cong H, Porco JA Jr, Weber HC.(7)
8. Antioxidants
In the observation of aseries of new coumarin derivatives 4 containing a 4-arylbut-3-en-2-one moiety synthesized by condensation of 3-acetylcoumarin 1 with aryl aldehydes 2 in chloroform in the presence of piperidine, found that the coumarinic chalcone 4a has been found to be the most active (IC₅₀ = 2.07 μM), according to "Synthesis of new substituted chromen[4,3-c]pyrazol-4-ones and their antioxidant activities" by Al-Ayed AS.(8)
9. Breast cancer
In the evaluation of the different multi-substituted chalcones for their BCRP inhibitionto investigate different multi-substituted chalcones for their BCRP inhibition, synthesized chalcones and benzochalcones with different substituents (viz. OH, OCH(3), Cl) on ring A and B of the chalcone structure found that substituents at position 2' and 4' on chalcone ring A were found to be essential for activity; additionally there was a great influence of substituents on ring B. Presence of 3,4-dimethoxy substitution on ring B was found to be optimal, while presence of 2- and 4-chloro substitution also showed a positive effect on BCRP inhibition, according to "Investigation of chalcones and benzochalcones as inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein" by Juvale K, Pape VF, Wiese M.(9)
10. Xanthohumol (XN) and liver and intestinal cells
In the study of Xanthohumol (XN) a the major prenylated chalcone of hops and hence an ingredient of beer found that fluorescent microscopy allowed for the first time visualization and tracing of the uptake and intracellular distribution of XN. A rapid accumulation of XN concentrations that were up to >60-fold higher than the concentration present in the ambient culture medium was observed. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments revealed that most XN molecules are bound to cellular proteins, which may alter properties of cellular factors, according to "Xanthohumol uptake and intracellular kinetics in hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and intestinal cells" by Wolff H, Motyl M, Hellerbrand C, Heilmann J, Kraus B.(10)
11. Platelet aggregation
In an effort to develop potent antiplatelet agents, 12 O-prenylated (2-13) and 10 O-allylated (14-23) chalcones were synthesized and screened for in vitro inhibitory effects on aggregation of washed rabbit platelets induced by ADP (20 μM) and collagen (10 μg/mL), found that the preliminary structure-activity relationships suggested that the antiplatelet activity was governed to a great extent by the presence of a pyridyl ring-B and a hydroxy group at position C-3' in ring-A of the MBHC templates, according to "Structure-activity relationships of chalcone analogs as potential inhibitors of ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation" by Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy M, Tsai WJ, Qian K, Lee KH, Wu TS.(11)
12. Etc.
Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21484163
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18995932
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764184
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295144
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22227268
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22248242
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22120630
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158652
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22112540
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22088086
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22055718
Health Benefits
1. Anti cancers
In the review focus primarily on prominent members of the chalcone family with an 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenon core structure, indicated that compounds of this family have been shown to interfere with each step of carcinogenesis, including initiation, promotion and progression. Moreover, numerous compounds from the family of dietary chalcones appear to show activity against cancer cells, suggesting that these molecules or their derivatives may be considered as potential anticancer drugs, according to "Dietary chalcones with chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential" by Orlikova B, Tasdemir D, Golais F, Dicato M, Diederich M.(1)
2. Antimicrobial activities
In the observation of 2-Acetylbenzofuran 1 on treatment with substituted aldehydes affords the corresponding chalcones 2a-c, found that Treatment of the chalcones with nitromethane under Michael addition condition furnished the corresponding Michael adducts 3a-c. Cyclocondensation of the chalcones 2a and 2b with thiosemicarbazide under basic refluxing conditions gave 3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-5-(4-aryl)-4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbothioamides 4a,b. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities at 100 microg concentration. Some of our compounds showed excellent antimicrobial activities than control drugs, according to "Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of 1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-4-nitro-3-arylbutan-1-ones and 3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-5-aryl-1-[4-(aryl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-1H-pyrazoles" by Abdel-Wahab BF, Abdel-Aziz HA, Ahmed EM.(2)
3. Anti tuberculosis
In a series of twenty seven novel aryloxy azolyl chalcones synthesized and evaluated in vitro for the growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, found that compound 19, an imidazolyl chalcone with a 2,4-difluorobenzyloxy moiety also exhibited moderate in vivo activity in mice against virulent M. tuberculosis, thus providing a new structural lead towards TB drug development, according to "Novel aryloxy azolyl chalcones with potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv" by Marrapu VK, Chaturvedi V, Singh S, Singh S, Sinha S, Bhandari K.(3)
4. Liver fibrosis
In the investigation of the effect of xanthohumol, the major prenylated chalcone found in hops, in an acute model of liver injury as a result of Carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), an industrial solvent, is a hepatotoxic agent and its administration is widely used as an animal model of toxin-induced liver injury, found that the protective effects of xanthohumol in this toxic liver injury model involves direct mechanisms related to its ability to block both hepatic inflammation and the activation of hepatic stellate cells, presumable at least in part via decreasing NFκB activity. Thus, this study further indicates the potential of xanthohumol application to prevent or ameliorate the development and progression of liver fibrosis in response to hepatic injury, according to "Protective effect of xanthohumol on toxin-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis" by Dorn C, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C.(4)
5. Anti Inflammatory and neuroprotective effects
In the evaluation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, found that Lico-E is a potential activator of the Nrf2/ARE-dependent pathway and is therapeutically relevant not only to oxidative-stress-related neurodegeneration but also inflammatory responses of microglial cells both in vitro and in vivo, according to "Licochalcone E activates Nrf2/antioxidant response element signaling pathway in both neuronal and microglial cells: therapeutic relevance to neurodegenerative disease" by Kim SS, Lim J, Bang Y, Gal J, Lee SU, Cho YC, Yoon G, Kang BY, Cheon SH, Choi HJ.(5)
6. Antiplasmodial activity
In the observation of Chalcone derivatives on an estradiol framework for their ability to inhibit the growth and development of the malaria parasite, found that a positive correlation was also observed among the antiplasmodial activity and inhibition of new permeation pathway. These observations suggest that steroidal chalcones with selective activity for the parasite may be considered as antimalarial leads for further optimization and preclinical study, according to "Antiplasmodial activity of steroidal chalcones: evaluation of their effect on hemozoin synthesis and the new permeation pathway of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte membrane" by Sisodia BS, Negi AS, Darokar MP, Dwivedi UN, Khanuja SP.(6)
7. Prostate cancer
In the study of a number of cyclohexenyl chalcone Diels-Alder natural products possess promising biological properties including strong cytotoxicity in various human cancer cells found that Herein, which is a natural products in this class including panduratin A and nicolaioidesin C inhibit cysteine cathepsins as indicated by protease profiling assays and cell-free cathepsin L enzyme assays. Owing to the critical roles of cathepsins in the biology of human tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis, these findings should pave the way for development of novel antitumor agents for use in clinical settings, according to "Synthetic cyclohexenyl chalcone natural products possess cytotoxic activities against prostate cancer cells and inhibit cysteine cathepsins in vitro" by Deb Majumdar I, Devanabanda A, Fox B, Schwartzman J, Cong H, Porco JA Jr, Weber HC.(7)
8. Antioxidants
In the observation of aseries of new coumarin derivatives 4 containing a 4-arylbut-3-en-2-one moiety synthesized by condensation of 3-acetylcoumarin 1 with aryl aldehydes 2 in chloroform in the presence of piperidine, found that the coumarinic chalcone 4a has been found to be the most active (IC₅₀ = 2.07 μM), according to "Synthesis of new substituted chromen[4,3-c]pyrazol-4-ones and their antioxidant activities" by Al-Ayed AS.(8)
9. Breast cancer
In the evaluation of the different multi-substituted chalcones for their BCRP inhibitionto investigate different multi-substituted chalcones for their BCRP inhibition, synthesized chalcones and benzochalcones with different substituents (viz. OH, OCH(3), Cl) on ring A and B of the chalcone structure found that substituents at position 2' and 4' on chalcone ring A were found to be essential for activity; additionally there was a great influence of substituents on ring B. Presence of 3,4-dimethoxy substitution on ring B was found to be optimal, while presence of 2- and 4-chloro substitution also showed a positive effect on BCRP inhibition, according to "Investigation of chalcones and benzochalcones as inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein" by Juvale K, Pape VF, Wiese M.(9)
10. Xanthohumol (XN) and liver and intestinal cells
In the study of Xanthohumol (XN) a the major prenylated chalcone of hops and hence an ingredient of beer found that fluorescent microscopy allowed for the first time visualization and tracing of the uptake and intracellular distribution of XN. A rapid accumulation of XN concentrations that were up to >60-fold higher than the concentration present in the ambient culture medium was observed. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments revealed that most XN molecules are bound to cellular proteins, which may alter properties of cellular factors, according to "Xanthohumol uptake and intracellular kinetics in hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and intestinal cells" by Wolff H, Motyl M, Hellerbrand C, Heilmann J, Kraus B.(10)
11. Platelet aggregation
In an effort to develop potent antiplatelet agents, 12 O-prenylated (2-13) and 10 O-allylated (14-23) chalcones were synthesized and screened for in vitro inhibitory effects on aggregation of washed rabbit platelets induced by ADP (20 μM) and collagen (10 μg/mL), found that the preliminary structure-activity relationships suggested that the antiplatelet activity was governed to a great extent by the presence of a pyridyl ring-B and a hydroxy group at position C-3' in ring-A of the MBHC templates, according to "Structure-activity relationships of chalcone analogs as potential inhibitors of ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation" by Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy M, Tsai WJ, Qian K, Lee KH, Wu TS.(11)
12. Etc.
Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21484163
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18995932
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764184
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22295144
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22227268
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22248242
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22120630
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158652
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22112540
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22088086
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22055718
#Healthy #Foods - Fruits - Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos)
The Super-food Library:
31 Super-food You Must Eat For Gaining Quality of Life, Health & Longevity
CranberryCranberry is a species of Vaccinium oxycoccos, belong to the family Ericaceae. It is low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 m long and 5 to 20 cm in height and found in the cooler part of Northern America.
Nutritional Supplements
1. Fiber
2. Sugars
3. Calcium
4. Magnesium
5. Manganese
6. Phosphorus
7. Potassium
8. Sodium
9. Vitamin C
10. Vitamin A
11. Vitamin K
12. Etc.
Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Kidney stone
In the evaluation of cranberry juice or betaine and its effect on forming of kidney stone found that for prevention of calcium phosphate and struvite stones, urine should be acidified; cranberry juice or betaine can lower urine pH. Antispasmodic medications, ureteroscopy, and metabolic testing are increasingly being used to augment fluid and pain medications in the acute management of kidney stones, according to "Treatment and prevention of kidney stones: an update" by Frassetto L, Kohlstadt I.(a)
2. Infectious disease
In investigation of cranberry or its proanthocyanin constituents effect on infectous diseases found that consumption of various cranberry products benefited young and elderly females in preventing urinary tract infections, and in conjunction with antibiotic treatment in eradicating Helicobacter pylori infections in women. Mouthwash supplemented with an isolated cranberry derivative reduced significantly the caryogenic mutans streptococci, according to "Cranberry components for the therapy of infectious disease" by Shmuely H, Ofek I, Weiss EI, Rones Z, Houri-Haddad Y.(b)
3. Microbial oral diseases
In the classification of seven food/beverages (red chicory, mushroom, raspberry, green and black tea, cranberry juice, dark beer) and their effect on oral diseases found that beverages as important sources of such healthy substances. The fractionation, carried out on the basis of the molecular mass (MM), of the water soluble components occurring in raspberry, chicory, and mushroom extracts (which in microbiological assays revealed the highest potential action against oral pathogens), showed that both the high and low MM fractions are active, with the low MM fractions displaying the highest potential action for all the fractionated extracts, according to "Plant and fungal food components with potential activity on the development of microbial oral diseases" by Daglia M, Papetti A, Mascherpa D, Grisoli P, Giusto G, Lingström P, Pratten J, Signoretto C, Spratt DA, Wilson M, Zaura E, Gazzani G.(c)
4. Metabolic Syndrome
In the observation of the therapeutic roles of strawberries, blueberries, and cranberries in metabolic syndrome, found that low-calorie cranberry juice selectively decreasing biomarkers of lipid oxidation (oxidized LDL) and inflammation (adhesion molecules) in metabolic syndrome. Mechanistic studies further explain these observations as up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, reduction in renal oxidative damage, and inhibition of the activity of carbohydrate digestive enzymes or angiotensin-converting enzyme by these berries, according to " Strawberries, Blueberries, and Cranberries in the Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Perspectives" by Basu A, Lyons TJ.(d)
5. Cardiovascular health
In the research of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, micronutrients of berries, including chokeberries, cranberries, blueberries, and strawberries (either fresh, or as juice, or freeze-dried) and theirs effect on cardiovascular diseases found that Underlying mechanisms for these beneficial effects are believed to include upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, decreased activities of carbohydrate digestive enzymes, decreased oxidative stress, and inhibition of inflammatory gene expression and foam cell formation. Though limited, these data support the recommendation of berries as an essential fruit group in a heart-healthy diet, according to "Berries: emerging impact on cardiovascular health" by Basu A, Rhone M, Lyons TJ.(e)
6. Etc.
B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
a. Asthma
Vitamin C is one of the key antioxidant vitamins which is abundant in the extracellular fluid lining the lung and low vitamin C intake has been associated with pulmonary dysfunction, such as asthma, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(1)
b. DNA Damage
Ascorbic acid (AA), known as vitamin C, has important antioxidant vitamin has exerted the activity in preventing (imazalil)IMA-induced cause of DNA damage, according to the stuyd of "The protective role of ascorbic acid on imazalil-induced genetic damage assessed by the cytogenetic tests' by Türkez H, Aydin E.(2)
2. Dietary fiber
a. Obesity
Since it contains high amount of fiber, it makes the stomach feeling fullness longer, thus reducing the risk food craving, according to the study of "The role of dietary fiber in the development and treatment of childhood obesity" by Kimm SY.(3)
b. Diabetes
Carrot contains high amount of fiber which helps to release the glucose slowly into blood stream as it has an inverse relationship with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and may contribute to both the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitu, according to the study of "[Dietary fibers: current trends and health benefits in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes].[Article in Portuguese]" by Mello VD, Laaksonen DE(4)
3. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(5)
4. Vitamin K
Long-term vitamin K inadequacy may reduce the function of supporting the carboxylation of at least some of these Gla-protein that can lead the development of degenerative diseases of ageing including osteoporosis and atherosclerosis, according to the study of "Vitamin K, osteoporosis and degenerative diseases of ageing" by Cees Vermeer and Elke Theuwissen(6)
5. Etc.
C. Other health benefits
1. Polyphenol
Cranbery contains high amount of polyphenol antioxidant
a) which enhances the immune system in fighting against cholesterol oxidation from forming plague building up on the arterial wall, causing heart diseases and stroke.
b) Which enhances the immune system in regulating the proper cells division and DNA replication and fighting foreign invasion such as virus and bacteria, thus reducing the risk of infection and inflammation.
2. Urinary tract infections
Cranberries are thought to be an excellent natural cure for urinary tract infections. They work by killing bacteria in your urinary tract. Cranberries contain high doses of Vitamin C, an excellent natural cure for urinary tract infections by increasing the acidity of the urine to kill bacteria.
3. Cholesterol
Cranberry contains high amount of fiber which helps to bind the bad cholesterol (LDL) by secreting them through waste, thus enhancing the levels of good cholesterol (HDL).
4. Proanthocyanidin
Proanthocyanidin, an powerful free radical scavenger antioxidant, in cranberry helps to protect against the effects of internal and environmental stresses such as cigarette smoking and pollution.
5. Etc.
Side Effects
1. If you are taking warfarin, please consult with you doctor before drinking cranberry juice.
2. Oxalation may cause health problems for people with kidney and bladder diseases.
3. No Other known side effect.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Healthy Foods Index http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/healthy-foods-index.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150656
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22088310
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22013381
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22082311
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384847
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160185
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21986888
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7494672
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19768242
(5) http://mi.rsmjournals.com/content/17/1/19.abstract
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072339
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