Coumestrol, a phytoestrogen in
the class of coumestans, belonging to the group of Flavonoids
(polyphenols) found abundantly in red clover, alfalfa sprouts, soy,
peas, brussels sprouts, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity
In the clarification of the effects of coumestrol administration on Ca metabolism during pregnancy and in lactating mice, found that coumestrol did not affect serum Ca and the expression of vitamin D receptor protein in the duodenum and jejunum. Thus, coumestrol
administration during pregnancy may decrease the mRNA expression of
IAP and the ALP activity in the intestine of the pre-delivery mice
through ERα, but coumestrol had little effect on intestinal ALP activity at 10 days after parturition, according to "Effects of coumestrol administration to pregnant and lactating mice on intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity" by Kirihata Y, Horiguchi Y, Ueda M, Sugimoto M, Ikeda S, Kume S.(1)
2. Cervical cancer
In
the evaluation of Endogenous estrogens dramatic and differential
effects on classical endocrine organ and proliferation, found that Using
human cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells) as a model, the effects of
representative xenoestrogens (Coumestrol-a
phytoestrogen, tetrachlorodioxin (TCDD)-a herbicide and DDT-a
pesticide) on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis were examined.
These xenoestrogens and estrogen inhibited the proliferation of Hela
cells in a dose dependent manner from 20 to 120 nM suggesting, that
17-beta-estrtadiol and xenoestrogens induced cytotoxic effects. Coumestrol
produced accumulation of HeLa cells in G2/M phase, and subsequently
induced apoptosis. Similar effects were observed in estrogen treated
cells, according to "Estrogenic activity of coumestrol, DDT, and TCDD in human cervical cancer cells" by Ndebele K, Graham B, Tchounwou PB.(2)
3. Anti-inflammatory activities
In
the investigation of A new coumestan (solalyratin A, 1) and a novel
cyclic eight-membered α,β-unsaturated ketone (solalyratin B, 3),
together with three known compounds, puerariafuran (2), coumestrol
(4) and 9-hydroxy-2',2'-dimethylpyrano[5',6':2,3]-coumestan (5),
isolated from the whole plant of Solanum lyratum, found that in vitro,
compounds 1-5 showed anti-inflammatory activities, with IC(50) values in
the range 6.3-9.1 μM, according to "Solalyratins A and B, new anti-inflammatory metabolites from Solanum lyratum" by Zhang DW, Yang Y, Yao F, Yu QY, Dai SJ.(3)
4. Neuroprotective effects
In the investigation in vitro of protective effects of coumestrol on mice astrocytes, found that coumestrol
induced a modest but significant increase in viability of astrocytes,
while the viability of astrocytes was reduced following exposure to LPS
and amyloid-beta peptide. The addition of coumestrol
could reverse the toxic effect induced by LPS and amyloid-beta
peptide. Both the LPS and amyloid-beta peptide enhanced interleukin 1,
interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis and these
effects were inhibited by 10(-9)M coumestrol, according to "The protective effects of coumestrol against amyloid-beta peptide- and lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity on mice astrocytes" by Liu MH, Tsuang FY, Sheu SY, Sun JS, Shih CM.(4)
5. Antiseizure effects
In
the investigation of the effects of 3alpha-diol (1 mg/kg, SC) and/or an
androgen receptor blocker (flutamide 10 mg, SC), 1 hour prior to
administration of pentylenetetrazol (85 mg/kg, IP), found that
selective estrogen receptor modulators that favor ERalpha (propyl
pyrazole triol, 17alpha-E(2)) or ERbeta (diarylpropionitrile, coumestrol,
3alpha-diol), or both (17beta-E(2)), were administered (0.1 mg/kg, SC)
to juvenile male rats 1 hour before pentylenetetrazol. Estrogens with
activity at ERbeta, but not those selective for ERalpha, produced
antiseizure effects. Actions at ERbeta may underlie some antiseizure
effects of T's metabolites, according to "Antiseizure effects of 3alpha-androstanediol and/or 17beta-estradiol may involve actions at estrogen receptor beta" by Frye CA, Ryan A, Rhodes M.(5)
6. Gastric cancer (GC)
In
the estimation the risk of gastric cancer (GC) in relation to the
individual and combined consumption of polyphenols and NOC precursors
(nitrate and nitrite), found that for the first time, a protective
effect for GC because of higher intake of cinnamic acids,
secoisolariciresinol and coumestrol,
and suggest that these polyphenols reduce GC risk through inhibition
of endogenous nitrosation. The main sources of these polyphenols were
pears, mangos and beans for cinnamic acids; beans, carrots and squash
for secoisolariciresinol and legumes for coumestrol, according to "Dietary intake of polyphenols, nitrate and nitrite and gastric cancer risk in Mexico City"
by Hernández-Ramírez RU, Galván-Portillo MV, Ward MH, Agudo A, González
CA, Oñate-Ocaña LF, Herrera-Goepfert R, Palma-Coca O, López-Carrillo
L.(6)
7. Pituitary tumor
In
the investigation of the activation of different nongenomic pathways,
and determine the involvement of mERalpha, with measurement the
prolactin (PRL) release by radio-immunoassay, MAPK activations (ERK1/2
and JNK1/2/3) via a quantitative plate immunoassay, and intracellular
[Ca2+] by Fura-2 fluorescence imaging in cells treated with E2 or four
different phytoestrogens (coumestrol,
daidzein, genistein, and trans-resveratrol), found that phytoestrogens
were much more potent in mediating these nongenomic responses
(activation of MAPKs, PRL release, and increased intracellular [Ca2+])
via mERalpha than was previously reported for genomic responses. The
unique non-monotonic dose responses and variant signaling patterns
caused by E2 and all tested phytoestrogens suggest that complex and
multiple signaling pathways or binding partners could be involved. By
activating these different nongenomic signaling pathways,
phytoestrogens could have significant physiological consequences for
pituitary cell functions, according to "Membrane estrogen receptor-alpha-mediated nongenomic actions of phytoestrogens in GH3/B6/F10 pituitary tumor cells" by Jeng YJ, Kochukov MY, Watson CS.(7)
8. Bone health
In the investigation of the effects of coumestrol on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, inducated that phytoestrogen coumestrol
has a direct enhancing effect on the proliferation and osteogenic
differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells, which would lead to
stimulation of bone formation, and it can also protect the whole
skeletal system by regulating OPG/RANKL expression, and these effects
may be mediated by ERalpha, according to "Coumestrol promotes proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in rat bone marrow stromal cells" by Wu XT, Wang B, Wei JN.(8)
9. Ovarian apoptosis
In the examination of the increased apoptosis in the adult rat ovary after lactational exposure to coumestrol
(COU), a potent phytoestrogen. Lactating dams were gavaged at doses of
0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg COU during the lactation period and the
reproductive effects of female pups in young adults, found that Ovarian
weights were reduced significantly at 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg COU. The
reduction in the ovarian weight occurred in parallel with an increase
in the apoptosis at PND 135-140. A marked dose-dependent increase in the
expressions of active caspase-3 and -7 was observed in ovarian
granulosa cells. Immunostaining for active caspase-3 and the TUNEL
staining of apoptotic cells were also increased in ovaries exposed to
COU in a dose-dependent manner, according to "Lactational coumestrol exposure increases ovarian apoptosis in adult rats" by Moon HJ, Seok JH, Kim SS, Rhee GS, Lee RD, Yang JY, Chae SY, Kim SH, Kim JY, Chung JY, Kim JM, Chung SY.(9)
10. Breast cancer
In the evaluation of the associations between dietary phytoestrogen (isoflavonoids, lignans, and coumestrol)
intake and risk of breast cancer and whether the ER/PR statuses of the
tumor influence this relationship, found that the effects of lignans or
isoflavonoids were independent of receptor status. However, intake of coumestrol
was associated with decreased risk of receptor negative tumors
(ER-PR-) but not positive tumors. The risk of ER-PR- tumors was
significantly lower (50%) in women with intermediate coumestrol intake compared with those who did not consume any, according to "Dietary phytoestrogens are not associated with risk of overall breast cancer but diets rich in coumestrol are inversely associated with risk of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor negative breast tumors in Swedish women" by Hedelin M, Löf M, Olsson M, Adlercreutz H, Sandin S, Weiderpass E.(10)
11. Antimicrobial activity
in the determination of the effects of the isoflavonoids coumestrol,
genistein and daidzein isolated and identified by bioassay-guided
fractionation from the acetone extract of Erythrina crista galli young
twigs infected with Phomopsis sp, found that these compounds showed
antimicrobial activity against Bacillus brevis (MIC values 16.3, 64.8
and 137.8 microM, respectively), according to "Antimicrobial isoflavonoids from Erythrina crista galli infected with Phomopsis sp" by Redko F, Clavin ML, Weber D, Ranea F, Anke T, Martino V.(11)
12. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21031635
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623010
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21898133
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708076
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19854112
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449378
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400946
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165772
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165469
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18424605
Wednesday, 6 November 2013
Phytochemicals in Foods - 9 Health Benefits of Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is a
phytochemical and a class of phenolic acid, belonging to the group of
Flavonoids (polyphenols), found a bundantly in peppermint, licorice, peanut, wheat, etc.
Health benefits
1. Comedonal Acne
In the comparison of lipohydroxyacid and salicylic acid peels in subjects with comedonal acne, found that there was a statistically significant decrease of 55.6% and 48.5% from baseline to Day 98 in the mean number of noninflammatory lesions for the sides treated with lipohydroxyacid and salicylic acid peels, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the degree of reduction in noninflammatory lesions between the two peels. There was no significant reduction in the number of inflammatory lesions. Both peels were generally very well tolerated, according to "Randomized trial comparing a chemical peel containing a lipophilic hydroxy acid derivative of salicylic acid with a salicylic acid peel in subjects with comedonal acne" by Levesque A, Hamzavi I, Seite S, Rougier A, Bissonnette R.(1)
2. Acne vulgaris
In the evaluation of he efficacy and tolerability of the addition of SA treatment to CDP and BPO (SA and CDP + BPO) and compare it with CDP + BPO in patients with mild to moderate facial acne vulgaris.
found that the addition of SA to CDP + BPO treatment demonstrated significantly better and faster results in terms of reductions in acne lesion counts and well tolerated except for higher frequency of mild to moderate transient dryness, according to "Efficacy of the addition of salicylic acid to clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide combination for acne vulgaris" by Akarsu S, Fetil E, Yücel F, Gül E, Güneş AT.(2)
3. Breast cancer
In the determination of the effect of aspirin on the incidence of breast cancer metastasis, which is reported to occur in 50% of patients who have previously received chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery, found that ingestion of aspirin might significantly reduce the incidence of breast cancer metastasis in patients who have previously received anticancer therapies, according to "Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) improves synthesis of maspin and lowers incidence of metastasis in breast cancer patients [corrected]" by Bhattacharyya M, Girish GV, Ghosh R, Chakraborty S, Sinha AK.(3)
4. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the examination of the mechanism whereby Methyl salicylate 2-O-b-D-lactoside (DL0309) exerts the anti-inflammatory effect, using the model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, found that DL0309 exerts anti-inflammatory effects, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressing of the activation of NF-kB signaling pathway in LPS-treated macrophage cells. Therefore, DL0309 may have therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory diseases by regulating NF-κB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, according to "A novel naturally-occurring salicylic acid analogue acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB activity in RAW264.7 macrophages" by Zhang T, Sun L, Liu R, Zhang D, Lan X, Huang C, Xin W, Wang C, Zhang DM, Du G.(4)
5. Antileukemia Activity
In the study, in vitro screen of a focused library of SH2 domain binding salicylic acid-containing inhibitors (∼150) against STAT5, as well as against STAT3 and STAT1 proteins for SH2 domain selectivity, found that several potent (K(i) < 5 μM) and STAT5 selective (>3-fold specificity for STAT5 cf. STAT1 and STAT3) inhibitors, BP-1-107, BP-1-108, SF-1-087, and SF-1-088. Lead agents, evaluated in K562 and MV-4-11 human leukemia cells, showed potent induction of apoptosis (IC(50)'s ∼ 20 μM) which correlated with potent and selective suppression of STAT5 phosphorylation, as well as inhibition of STAT5 target genes cyclin D1, cyclin D2, C-MYC, and MCL-1. Moreover, lead agent BP-1-108 showed negligible cytotoxic effects in normal bone marrow cells not expressing activated STAT5 protein. Inhibitors identified in this study represent some of the most potent direct small molecule, nonphosphorylated inhibitors of STAT5 to date, according to "Small Molecule STAT5-SH2 Domain Inhibitors Exhibit Potent Antileukemia Activity" by Page BD, Khoury H, Laister RC, Fletcher S, Vellozo M, Manzoli A, Yue P, Turkson J, Minden MD, Gunning PT.(5)
6. Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects
In the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and phenolic components of different solvent (absolute methanol, absolute ethanol, absolute acetone, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% acetone and deionized water) extracts of leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar
found that overall, 80% methanol extract produced from the leaves exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity, with high phenolic contents (3.63 g GAE/100 g DW), total flavonoid contents (1.19 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of peroxidation (85.54%), DPPH scavenging capacity (IC(50) value 8.89 μg/mL) and reducing power (1.87). Similarly, this 80% methanol leaves extract also showed superior antimicrobial activity. HPLC analysis of the 80% methanol extracts for individual phenolics revealed the presence of gallic, protocatechuic and salicylic acid in leaves; gallic, protocatechuic, salicylic, trans-cinnamic and chlorogenic acid in flowers, and gallic acid in bark as the main (amount > 1.50 mg/100 g DW) phenolic acids. Besides, small amounts ( < 1.50 mg/100 g DW) of some other phenolic acids such as sorbic, sinapic, p-coumaric, m-coumaric, ferulic, caffeic, 3-hydroxybenzoic, 4-hydroxycinnamic and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids were also detected, according to "Antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes and phenolics of different solvent extracts from leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf]" by Shabir G, Anwar F, Sultana B, Khalid ZM, Afzal M, Khan QM, Ashrafuzzaman M.(6)
7. Antithrombotic effects
In the evaluation of three different antithrombotic treatments in women with antecedent of RPL, comparing the results in negative and positive to thrombophilic screening pregnant women, found that all three treatment regimens were significantly effective comparing live births against fetal losses. In 87 positive to thrombophilic screening pregnant women, the comparison of efficacy for the three regimens, shows that the therapy with LMWH or LMWH plus ASA are significantly protective against fetal losses with respect to ASA, which showed a high number of fetal losses (11 live births, 18 fetal losses), according to "Efficacy of three different antithrombotic regimens on pregnancy outcome in pregnant women affected by recurrent pregnancy loss" by Giancotti A, Torre RL, Spagnuolo A, D'Ambrosio V, Cerekja A, Piazze J, Chistolini A.(7)
8. Facial flat warts
In the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of glycolic acid 15% topical gel plus salicylic acid 2% in the treatment of recalcitrant facial flat warts, found that All the patients were clinically cured within eight weeks. Seven patients cleared in four weeks, and 13 patients cleared in eight weeks. No noticeable adverse events were related to the skin, according to "Glycolic Acid 15% plus salicylic Acid 2%: a new therapeutic pearl for facial flat warts" by Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Sánchez-Blanco E.(8)
9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896127
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22035285
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20670296
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292506
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148584
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22143540
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988715
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21938272
Health benefits
1. Comedonal Acne
In the comparison of lipohydroxyacid and salicylic acid peels in subjects with comedonal acne, found that there was a statistically significant decrease of 55.6% and 48.5% from baseline to Day 98 in the mean number of noninflammatory lesions for the sides treated with lipohydroxyacid and salicylic acid peels, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the degree of reduction in noninflammatory lesions between the two peels. There was no significant reduction in the number of inflammatory lesions. Both peels were generally very well tolerated, according to "Randomized trial comparing a chemical peel containing a lipophilic hydroxy acid derivative of salicylic acid with a salicylic acid peel in subjects with comedonal acne" by Levesque A, Hamzavi I, Seite S, Rougier A, Bissonnette R.(1)
2. Acne vulgaris
In the evaluation of he efficacy and tolerability of the addition of SA treatment to CDP and BPO (SA and CDP + BPO) and compare it with CDP + BPO in patients with mild to moderate facial acne vulgaris.
found that the addition of SA to CDP + BPO treatment demonstrated significantly better and faster results in terms of reductions in acne lesion counts and well tolerated except for higher frequency of mild to moderate transient dryness, according to "Efficacy of the addition of salicylic acid to clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide combination for acne vulgaris" by Akarsu S, Fetil E, Yücel F, Gül E, Güneş AT.(2)
3. Breast cancer
In the determination of the effect of aspirin on the incidence of breast cancer metastasis, which is reported to occur in 50% of patients who have previously received chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery, found that ingestion of aspirin might significantly reduce the incidence of breast cancer metastasis in patients who have previously received anticancer therapies, according to "Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) improves synthesis of maspin and lowers incidence of metastasis in breast cancer patients [corrected]" by Bhattacharyya M, Girish GV, Ghosh R, Chakraborty S, Sinha AK.(3)
4. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the examination of the mechanism whereby Methyl salicylate 2-O-b-D-lactoside (DL0309) exerts the anti-inflammatory effect, using the model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, found that DL0309 exerts anti-inflammatory effects, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressing of the activation of NF-kB signaling pathway in LPS-treated macrophage cells. Therefore, DL0309 may have therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory diseases by regulating NF-κB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, according to "A novel naturally-occurring salicylic acid analogue acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB activity in RAW264.7 macrophages" by Zhang T, Sun L, Liu R, Zhang D, Lan X, Huang C, Xin W, Wang C, Zhang DM, Du G.(4)
5. Antileukemia Activity
In the study, in vitro screen of a focused library of SH2 domain binding salicylic acid-containing inhibitors (∼150) against STAT5, as well as against STAT3 and STAT1 proteins for SH2 domain selectivity, found that several potent (K(i) < 5 μM) and STAT5 selective (>3-fold specificity for STAT5 cf. STAT1 and STAT3) inhibitors, BP-1-107, BP-1-108, SF-1-087, and SF-1-088. Lead agents, evaluated in K562 and MV-4-11 human leukemia cells, showed potent induction of apoptosis (IC(50)'s ∼ 20 μM) which correlated with potent and selective suppression of STAT5 phosphorylation, as well as inhibition of STAT5 target genes cyclin D1, cyclin D2, C-MYC, and MCL-1. Moreover, lead agent BP-1-108 showed negligible cytotoxic effects in normal bone marrow cells not expressing activated STAT5 protein. Inhibitors identified in this study represent some of the most potent direct small molecule, nonphosphorylated inhibitors of STAT5 to date, according to "Small Molecule STAT5-SH2 Domain Inhibitors Exhibit Potent Antileukemia Activity" by Page BD, Khoury H, Laister RC, Fletcher S, Vellozo M, Manzoli A, Yue P, Turkson J, Minden MD, Gunning PT.(5)
6. Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects
In the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and phenolic components of different solvent (absolute methanol, absolute ethanol, absolute acetone, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% acetone and deionized water) extracts of leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar
found that overall, 80% methanol extract produced from the leaves exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity, with high phenolic contents (3.63 g GAE/100 g DW), total flavonoid contents (1.19 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of peroxidation (85.54%), DPPH scavenging capacity (IC(50) value 8.89 μg/mL) and reducing power (1.87). Similarly, this 80% methanol leaves extract also showed superior antimicrobial activity. HPLC analysis of the 80% methanol extracts for individual phenolics revealed the presence of gallic, protocatechuic and salicylic acid in leaves; gallic, protocatechuic, salicylic, trans-cinnamic and chlorogenic acid in flowers, and gallic acid in bark as the main (amount > 1.50 mg/100 g DW) phenolic acids. Besides, small amounts ( < 1.50 mg/100 g DW) of some other phenolic acids such as sorbic, sinapic, p-coumaric, m-coumaric, ferulic, caffeic, 3-hydroxybenzoic, 4-hydroxycinnamic and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids were also detected, according to "Antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes and phenolics of different solvent extracts from leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf]" by Shabir G, Anwar F, Sultana B, Khalid ZM, Afzal M, Khan QM, Ashrafuzzaman M.(6)
7. Antithrombotic effects
In the evaluation of three different antithrombotic treatments in women with antecedent of RPL, comparing the results in negative and positive to thrombophilic screening pregnant women, found that all three treatment regimens were significantly effective comparing live births against fetal losses. In 87 positive to thrombophilic screening pregnant women, the comparison of efficacy for the three regimens, shows that the therapy with LMWH or LMWH plus ASA are significantly protective against fetal losses with respect to ASA, which showed a high number of fetal losses (11 live births, 18 fetal losses), according to "Efficacy of three different antithrombotic regimens on pregnancy outcome in pregnant women affected by recurrent pregnancy loss" by Giancotti A, Torre RL, Spagnuolo A, D'Ambrosio V, Cerekja A, Piazze J, Chistolini A.(7)
8. Facial flat warts
In the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of glycolic acid 15% topical gel plus salicylic acid 2% in the treatment of recalcitrant facial flat warts, found that All the patients were clinically cured within eight weeks. Seven patients cleared in four weeks, and 13 patients cleared in eight weeks. No noticeable adverse events were related to the skin, according to "Glycolic Acid 15% plus salicylic Acid 2%: a new therapeutic pearl for facial flat warts" by Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Sánchez-Blanco E.(8)
9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896127
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22035285
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20670296
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292506
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22148584
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22143540
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988715
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21938272
Phytochemicals in Foods - 12 Health Benefits of Tannic acid
Tannic acid is a phytochemical in the class of phenolic acids, found abundantly in nettles, tea, berries, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Asthma in Children
In the determination of the effectiveness of physical and chemical environmental control measures for house dust mites (HDM) in controlling bronchial asthma in children, found that in the group where tannic acid was used as a chemical measure, the number of children with moderate and severe asthma decreased from 15 in each category to 11 and 7, respectively. In the control group, only the mean difference of PEFR (1.62 l/min) was significant after 16 weeks. Despite these promising findings, only the FEV1 was significantly different (p = 0.014) when the four groups were compared, according to "Environmental intervention for house dust mite control in childhood bronchial asthma" by El-Ghitany EM, Abd El-Salam MM.(1)
2. Antiviral activity
In the investigation of the inhibition effects of Chinese medicinal herbs against NoVs binding to HBGAs for potential antivirals against NoVs, found that tannic acid is a common composition in the extracts of the two herbs, so we speculate that it might be the effective compound and further studies using commercially available, highly purified tannic acid confirmed the tannic acid as a strong inhibitor in the binding of NoV P protein to both A and B saliva (IC(50)≈0.1μM). Our data suggested that tannic acid is a promising candidate antiviral against NoVs., according to "Tannic acid inhibited norovirus binding to HBGA receptors, a study of 50 Chinese medicinal herbs" by Zhang XF, Dai YC, Zhong W, Tan M, Lv ZP, Zhou YC, Jiang X.(2)
3. Anti tumors
In the searching for the development of tumor drug resistance is one of the biggest obstacles on the way to achieve a favorable outcome of chemotherapy, found that plant polyphenols that have been identified to possess proteasome-inhibitory activity include (-)-epigallocatechins-3-gallate (EGCG), genistein, luteolin, apigenin, chrysin, quercetin, curcumin and tannic acid. These polyphenols have exhibited an appreciable effect on overcoming resistance to various chemotherapeutic drugs as well as multidrug resistance in a broad spectrum of tumors ranging from carcinoma and sarcoma to hematological malignances, according to "Targeting Tumor Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway with Polyphenols for Chemosensitization" by Shen M, Chan TH, Dou QP.(3)
4. Longevity effect
In the review of the exposure of low concentrations of the polyphenol tannic acid (TA) induces potent life-prolonging properties in Caenorhabditis elegans, found that exploiting a suite of 14 mutant strains revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase SEK-1 (SAPK/ERK kinase) is a key player involved in TA-mediated longevity. It is conceivable that TA mimics pathogen action and therefore activates the SEK-1-mediated pathogen resistance pathway. This pathway is thought to inhibit potential detrimental effects of TA and may also be involved in the longevity process, according to "The longevity effect of tannic acid in Caenorhabditis elegans: Disposable Soma meets hormesis" by Saul N, Pietsch K, Menzel R, Stürzenbaum SR, Steinberg CE.(4)
5. Anti fungal effect
In the investigation of the heterologous expression of the tannic acid-inducible laccase3 using a yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, found that expression of the lac3 gene has an inhibitory effect on the growth of transformed S. cerevisiae and that the controlled expression of lac3 is appropriate for the possible application of recombinant yeast to the treatment of phenolic compounds, according to "Heterologous expression of a tannic acid-inducible laccase3 of Cryphonectria parasitica in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" by Kim JM, Park SM, Kim DH.(5)
6. Internal hemorrhoids
In the study of aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid (ALTA), a new sclerosing therapy for internal hemorrhoids, indicated that from January 2009 to March 2010, we performed the ALTA sclerosing therapy on 28 patients (14 men and 14 women; mean age, 64.6 years), including 5 second-degree, 16 third-degree and 7 fourth-degree hemorrhoids. There were 6 postoperative complications (2 cases of low grade fever, 2 anal pains, 1 necrosis at injection site and 1 perianal dermatitis). All symptoms of prolapse or bleeding disappeared after 29 postoperative days. There were 3 recurrent cases (10.7%). Conclusions: ALTA sclerosing therapy is a useful and less invasive treatment for internal hemorrhoids, according to "ALTA Injection Sclerosing Therapy:Non-Excisional Treatment of Internal Hemorrhoids" by
Miyamoto H, Asanoma M, Miyamoto H, Shimada M.(6)
7. Diuretic activity
In the investigation of petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of Cyclea peltata and their diuretic activity, found that the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, diterpenes and saponins. Pharmacological investigation revealed that ethanolic extract of C. peltata leaves possessed significant diuretic activity in a given dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.7 and 2.6, respectively). Where as petroleum ether extract has shown moderate diuresis at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.1), according to "Phytochemical investigation and diuretic activity of Cyclea peltata leaf extracts" by Hullatti KK, Gopikrishna UV, Kuppast IJ.(7)
8. Inflammatory bowel disease
In the assessment of the protective effect of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea leaves (AESO 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) in inflammatory bowel disease using acetic acid- and ethanol-induced colitis in mice and indomethacin-induced enterocolitis in rats, found that the treatment with AESO significantly increased body weight, decreased diarrhea with bloody stools, increased blood hemoglobin and plasma total protein, and decreased serum and ileum or colon malondialdehyde content and attenuated the extent of lesions and ameliorated the histological injury of mucosa in all paradigms. The most prominent effects were evident for AESO 1,000 mg/kg. The results of the present study revealed that AESO was effective in attenuating almost all the symptoms of IBD in experimental paradigms, according to "Protective effect of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea leaves in experimental paradigms of inflammatory bowel disease" by Otari KV, Gaikwad PS, Shete RV, Upasani CD.(8)
9. Congestive effects
In the orally administration of the flavonoid tannic acid (TA) to the transgenic PSAPP mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis (bearing mutant human APP and presenilin-1 transgenes) and evaluation of the cognitive function and AD-like pathology, found that in vitro validation, we treated well-characterized mutant human APP-overexpressing murine neuron-like cells with TA and found significantly reduced Aβ production associated with less amyloidogenic APP proteolysis. Taken together, these results raise the possibility that dietary supplementation with TA may be prophylactic for AD by inhibiting β-secretase activity and neuroinflammation and thereby mitigating AD pathology, according to "Tannic Acid is a Natural β-secretase Inhibitor that Prevents Cognitive Impairment and Mitigates Alzheimer-like Pathology in Transgenic Mice" by Mori T, Rezai-Zadeh K, Koyama N, Arendash GW, Yamaguchi H, Kakuda N, Horikoshi-Sakuraba Y, Tan J, Town T.(9)
10. Colon cancer
In the investigation of Hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel) bark, a rich source of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins is reported to exert a protective action against colon cancer, found that treatment with these compounds reduced tumor viability and induced apoptosis, necrosis, and S-phase arrest in the cell cycle of HT29 cells, with hamamelitannin being the most efficient. Owing to polyphenol-mediated H(2)O(2) formation in the incubation media, the antiproliferative effect was determined in the presence and absence of catalase to rule out any such interference, according to "Hamamelitannin from Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) Displays Specific Cytotoxic Activity against Colon Cancer Cells" by Sánchez-Tena S, Fernández-Cachón ML, Carreras A, Mateos-Martín ML, Costoya N, Moyer MP, Nuñez MJ, Torres JL, Cascante M.(10)
11. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity
In the enaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity of aqueous infusion and ethanolic maceration extracts of the aerial parts of Zhumeria majdae, in mice and rats, found that phytochemical screening of the extracts indicated the presence of flavonoids and tannins. In the hot-plate test, the intraperitoneal injection of both extracts showed significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in mice. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on pretreatment inhibited the antinociceptive activity of the extracts. The extracts exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid-induced writhing, which was partially blocked by naloxone. Both extracts showed significant effect against acute inflammation induced by acetic acid in mice. In the chronic inflammation test, efficacy of the extracts was similar to that of baclofen and dexamethasone in rats, according to "Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Zhumeria majdae extracts in mice and rats" by Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Fadishei M, Mahmoudi M.(11)
12. Antioxidant activity
In the investigation of Highly galloylated tannin fractions from witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) bark: electron transfer capacity, in vitro antioxidant activity, and effects on skin-related cells, by Touriño S, Lizárraga D, Carreras A, Lorenzo S, Ugartondo V, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP, Juliá L, Cascante M, Torres JL.(12), found that the extracts exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid-induced writhing, which was partially blocked by naloxone. Both extracts showed significant effect against acute inflammation induced by acetic acid in mice. In the chronic inflammation test, efficacy of the extracts was similar to that of baclofen and dexamethasone in rats. It is concluded that the aqueous infusion and ethanolic maceration extract of the aerial parts of Zhumeria majdae have antinociceptive effects and this may be mediated by opioid receptors.
13. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22302565
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285570
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292765
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413530
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20178646
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22260824
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22247891
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22234676
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22219198
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22216935
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11995946
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311930
Health Benefits
1. Asthma in Children
In the determination of the effectiveness of physical and chemical environmental control measures for house dust mites (HDM) in controlling bronchial asthma in children, found that in the group where tannic acid was used as a chemical measure, the number of children with moderate and severe asthma decreased from 15 in each category to 11 and 7, respectively. In the control group, only the mean difference of PEFR (1.62 l/min) was significant after 16 weeks. Despite these promising findings, only the FEV1 was significantly different (p = 0.014) when the four groups were compared, according to "Environmental intervention for house dust mite control in childhood bronchial asthma" by El-Ghitany EM, Abd El-Salam MM.(1)
2. Antiviral activity
In the investigation of the inhibition effects of Chinese medicinal herbs against NoVs binding to HBGAs for potential antivirals against NoVs, found that tannic acid is a common composition in the extracts of the two herbs, so we speculate that it might be the effective compound and further studies using commercially available, highly purified tannic acid confirmed the tannic acid as a strong inhibitor in the binding of NoV P protein to both A and B saliva (IC(50)≈0.1μM). Our data suggested that tannic acid is a promising candidate antiviral against NoVs., according to "Tannic acid inhibited norovirus binding to HBGA receptors, a study of 50 Chinese medicinal herbs" by Zhang XF, Dai YC, Zhong W, Tan M, Lv ZP, Zhou YC, Jiang X.(2)
3. Anti tumors
In the searching for the development of tumor drug resistance is one of the biggest obstacles on the way to achieve a favorable outcome of chemotherapy, found that plant polyphenols that have been identified to possess proteasome-inhibitory activity include (-)-epigallocatechins-3-gallate (EGCG), genistein, luteolin, apigenin, chrysin, quercetin, curcumin and tannic acid. These polyphenols have exhibited an appreciable effect on overcoming resistance to various chemotherapeutic drugs as well as multidrug resistance in a broad spectrum of tumors ranging from carcinoma and sarcoma to hematological malignances, according to "Targeting Tumor Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway with Polyphenols for Chemosensitization" by Shen M, Chan TH, Dou QP.(3)
4. Longevity effect
In the review of the exposure of low concentrations of the polyphenol tannic acid (TA) induces potent life-prolonging properties in Caenorhabditis elegans, found that exploiting a suite of 14 mutant strains revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase SEK-1 (SAPK/ERK kinase) is a key player involved in TA-mediated longevity. It is conceivable that TA mimics pathogen action and therefore activates the SEK-1-mediated pathogen resistance pathway. This pathway is thought to inhibit potential detrimental effects of TA and may also be involved in the longevity process, according to "The longevity effect of tannic acid in Caenorhabditis elegans: Disposable Soma meets hormesis" by Saul N, Pietsch K, Menzel R, Stürzenbaum SR, Steinberg CE.(4)
5. Anti fungal effect
In the investigation of the heterologous expression of the tannic acid-inducible laccase3 using a yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, found that expression of the lac3 gene has an inhibitory effect on the growth of transformed S. cerevisiae and that the controlled expression of lac3 is appropriate for the possible application of recombinant yeast to the treatment of phenolic compounds, according to "Heterologous expression of a tannic acid-inducible laccase3 of Cryphonectria parasitica in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" by Kim JM, Park SM, Kim DH.(5)
6. Internal hemorrhoids
In the study of aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid (ALTA), a new sclerosing therapy for internal hemorrhoids, indicated that from January 2009 to March 2010, we performed the ALTA sclerosing therapy on 28 patients (14 men and 14 women; mean age, 64.6 years), including 5 second-degree, 16 third-degree and 7 fourth-degree hemorrhoids. There were 6 postoperative complications (2 cases of low grade fever, 2 anal pains, 1 necrosis at injection site and 1 perianal dermatitis). All symptoms of prolapse or bleeding disappeared after 29 postoperative days. There were 3 recurrent cases (10.7%). Conclusions: ALTA sclerosing therapy is a useful and less invasive treatment for internal hemorrhoids, according to "ALTA Injection Sclerosing Therapy:Non-Excisional Treatment of Internal Hemorrhoids" by
Miyamoto H, Asanoma M, Miyamoto H, Shimada M.(6)
7. Diuretic activity
In the investigation of petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of Cyclea peltata and their diuretic activity, found that the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, diterpenes and saponins. Pharmacological investigation revealed that ethanolic extract of C. peltata leaves possessed significant diuretic activity in a given dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.7 and 2.6, respectively). Where as petroleum ether extract has shown moderate diuresis at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight (Diuretic action 1.1), according to "Phytochemical investigation and diuretic activity of Cyclea peltata leaf extracts" by Hullatti KK, Gopikrishna UV, Kuppast IJ.(7)
8. Inflammatory bowel disease
In the assessment of the protective effect of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea leaves (AESO 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) in inflammatory bowel disease using acetic acid- and ethanol-induced colitis in mice and indomethacin-induced enterocolitis in rats, found that the treatment with AESO significantly increased body weight, decreased diarrhea with bloody stools, increased blood hemoglobin and plasma total protein, and decreased serum and ileum or colon malondialdehyde content and attenuated the extent of lesions and ameliorated the histological injury of mucosa in all paradigms. The most prominent effects were evident for AESO 1,000 mg/kg. The results of the present study revealed that AESO was effective in attenuating almost all the symptoms of IBD in experimental paradigms, according to "Protective effect of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea leaves in experimental paradigms of inflammatory bowel disease" by Otari KV, Gaikwad PS, Shete RV, Upasani CD.(8)
9. Congestive effects
In the orally administration of the flavonoid tannic acid (TA) to the transgenic PSAPP mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis (bearing mutant human APP and presenilin-1 transgenes) and evaluation of the cognitive function and AD-like pathology, found that in vitro validation, we treated well-characterized mutant human APP-overexpressing murine neuron-like cells with TA and found significantly reduced Aβ production associated with less amyloidogenic APP proteolysis. Taken together, these results raise the possibility that dietary supplementation with TA may be prophylactic for AD by inhibiting β-secretase activity and neuroinflammation and thereby mitigating AD pathology, according to "Tannic Acid is a Natural β-secretase Inhibitor that Prevents Cognitive Impairment and Mitigates Alzheimer-like Pathology in Transgenic Mice" by Mori T, Rezai-Zadeh K, Koyama N, Arendash GW, Yamaguchi H, Kakuda N, Horikoshi-Sakuraba Y, Tan J, Town T.(9)
10. Colon cancer
In the investigation of Hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel) bark, a rich source of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins is reported to exert a protective action against colon cancer, found that treatment with these compounds reduced tumor viability and induced apoptosis, necrosis, and S-phase arrest in the cell cycle of HT29 cells, with hamamelitannin being the most efficient. Owing to polyphenol-mediated H(2)O(2) formation in the incubation media, the antiproliferative effect was determined in the presence and absence of catalase to rule out any such interference, according to "Hamamelitannin from Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) Displays Specific Cytotoxic Activity against Colon Cancer Cells" by Sánchez-Tena S, Fernández-Cachón ML, Carreras A, Mateos-Martín ML, Costoya N, Moyer MP, Nuñez MJ, Torres JL, Cascante M.(10)
11. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity
In the enaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity of aqueous infusion and ethanolic maceration extracts of the aerial parts of Zhumeria majdae, in mice and rats, found that phytochemical screening of the extracts indicated the presence of flavonoids and tannins. In the hot-plate test, the intraperitoneal injection of both extracts showed significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in mice. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on pretreatment inhibited the antinociceptive activity of the extracts. The extracts exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid-induced writhing, which was partially blocked by naloxone. Both extracts showed significant effect against acute inflammation induced by acetic acid in mice. In the chronic inflammation test, efficacy of the extracts was similar to that of baclofen and dexamethasone in rats, according to "Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Zhumeria majdae extracts in mice and rats" by Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Fadishei M, Mahmoudi M.(11)
12. Antioxidant activity
In the investigation of Highly galloylated tannin fractions from witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) bark: electron transfer capacity, in vitro antioxidant activity, and effects on skin-related cells, by Touriño S, Lizárraga D, Carreras A, Lorenzo S, Ugartondo V, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP, Juliá L, Cascante M, Torres JL.(12), found that the extracts exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid-induced writhing, which was partially blocked by naloxone. Both extracts showed significant effect against acute inflammation induced by acetic acid in mice. In the chronic inflammation test, efficacy of the extracts was similar to that of baclofen and dexamethasone in rats. It is concluded that the aqueous infusion and ethanolic maceration extract of the aerial parts of Zhumeria majdae have antinociceptive effects and this may be mediated by opioid receptors.
13. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22302565
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285570
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292765
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413530
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20178646
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22260824
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22247891
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22234676
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22219198
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22216935
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11995946
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311930
Phytochemicals in Foods - 7 Health Benefits of Vanillin
Vanillin is a phytochemical in
the class of phenolic acids, found abundantly in vanilla beans, cloves,
roasted coffee and the Chinese red pine, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidants
In the investigation of examine the classification and concentration of phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in 127 lines of colored barley, found that the average content of phenolic compounds in unhulled barley groups (268.6 microg/g) was higher than that in hulled (207.0 microg/g) (P > 0.05). The proanthocyanidins content was determined by modified vanillin assay. The average content of proanthocyanidins was significantly higher in purple and blue barley groups compared with black (P < 0.05), according to"Relationship between phenolic compounds, anthocyanins content and antioxidant activity in colored barley germplasm" by Kim MJ, Hyun JN, Kim JA, Park JC, Kim MY, Kim JG, Lee SJ, Chun SC, Chung IM(1)
2. Antibacterial activity
In the examination of the antibacterial activity of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid against seven Cronobacter spp. in quarter-strength tryptic soy broth with 5 g/liter yeast extract (TSBYE) adjusted to pH 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 at 10, 21, and 37°C.
found that the thermal resistance of C. sakazakii was examined at 58°C in TSBYE supplemented with MBCs of each compound at pH 5.0 and 6.0. D-values at pH 5.0 were reduced from 14.56 ± 0.60 min to 0.93 ± 0.01, 0.63 ± 0.01, and 0.98 ± 0.02 min for vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid, respectively. These results suggest that vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid may be useful for the control of Cronobacter spp. in food during preparation and storage, according to "Effect of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid on the growth and heat resistance of Cronobacter species" by Yemiş GP, Pagotto F, Bach S, Delaquis P.(2)
3. Antisickling activity
In the evaluation of in vitro with pyridyl derivatives of vanillin, including INN-312 and INN-298, showed as much as a 90-fold increased in antisickling activity compared with vanillin, found that these compounds may act to prevent sickling of SS cells by increasing the fraction of the soluble high-affinity Hb S and/or by stereospecific inhibition of deoxygenated Hb S polymerization, according to "Crystallographic analysis of human hemoglobin elucidates the structural basis of the potent and dual antisickling activity of pyridyl derivatives of vanillin" by Abdulmalik O, Ghatge MS, Musayev FN, Parikh A, Chen Q, Yang J, Nnamani I, Danso-Danquah R, Eseonu DN, Asakura T, Abraham DJ, Venitz J, Safo MK.(3)
4. Oxidative brain damage
In the investigation of the degree of protection in brain tissue by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide (NO)the degree of protection in brain tissue was evaluated by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide (NO), found that Vanillin showed a significant brain-protective effect by decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation and NO(2) and elevated the activities of antioxidative enzymes and level of GSH. Consequently vanillin blocked oxidative brain damage induced by CCl(4) in rats, according to "Protective effect of vanillin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative brain injury in rats" by Makni M, Chtourou Y, Barkallah M, Fetoui H.(4)
5. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties
In the evaluation of the protective effects of vanillin against carbon tetrachoride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in rat, found that pretreatment with vanillin prior the administration of CCl(4) significantly prevented the decrease of protein synthesis and the increase in plasma alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases. Furthermore, it inhibited hepatic lipid peroxidation (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) formation and attenuated the (CCl(4))-mediated depletion of antioxidant enzyme catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and glutathione level (GSH) in the liver. In addition, vanillin markedly attenuated the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prevented CCl(4)-induced hepatic cell alteration and necrosis, as indicated by liver histopathology, according to "Evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties of vanillin in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats" by Makni M, Chtourou Y, Fetoui H, Garoui el M, Boudawara T, Zeghal N.(5)
6. Antimicrobial activities
In the investigation of Antimicrobial activity of propolis oil extract from raw material harvested in Lithuania in experimental studies in vitro, and determination of the minimal concentration of phenolic compounds that inhibited respective microorganisms, found that phenolic compounds have effective antimicrobial activity in propolis oil extract; thus, it can be compatible with the semisolid preparation, according to "Propolis oil extract: quality analysis and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity" by Ramanauskienė K, Inkėnienė AM.(6)
7. Colorectal cancer
In the investigation of the toxicity of salicylates, the sensitivity of the DNA mismatch repair proficient SW480 human colorectal cancer cell line and testing four categories of compounds with varying degrees of structural similarity to acetylsalicylic acid. These compounds were: i) salicylic acid analogues with substituents at the 5-position; ii) ASA analogues with extended chain lengths in the acyl group; iii) vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; and iv) bis(2-carboxyphenyl) succinate (BCS) and structurally similar derivatives thereof.
found that vanillin exhibited relatively limited toxicity against the SW480 colorectal cancer cell line. Commercially available and in-house synthesised BCS (diaspirin) were notably more inhibitory to cell growth than ASA itself, yet retained substantial specificity against colorectal cancer cell lines vs. non-colorectal cancer cell lines, according to "Activity of aspirin analogues and vanillin in a human colorectal cancer cell line" by Deb J, Dibra H, Shan S, Rajan S, Manneh J, Kankipati CS, Perry CJ, Nicholl ID.(7)
8. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278383
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186046
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22101818
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21986887
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21777577
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714730
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617874
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidants
In the investigation of examine the classification and concentration of phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in 127 lines of colored barley, found that the average content of phenolic compounds in unhulled barley groups (268.6 microg/g) was higher than that in hulled (207.0 microg/g) (P > 0.05). The proanthocyanidins content was determined by modified vanillin assay. The average content of proanthocyanidins was significantly higher in purple and blue barley groups compared with black (P < 0.05), according to"Relationship between phenolic compounds, anthocyanins content and antioxidant activity in colored barley germplasm" by Kim MJ, Hyun JN, Kim JA, Park JC, Kim MY, Kim JG, Lee SJ, Chun SC, Chung IM(1)
2. Antibacterial activity
In the examination of the antibacterial activity of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid against seven Cronobacter spp. in quarter-strength tryptic soy broth with 5 g/liter yeast extract (TSBYE) adjusted to pH 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 at 10, 21, and 37°C.
found that the thermal resistance of C. sakazakii was examined at 58°C in TSBYE supplemented with MBCs of each compound at pH 5.0 and 6.0. D-values at pH 5.0 were reduced from 14.56 ± 0.60 min to 0.93 ± 0.01, 0.63 ± 0.01, and 0.98 ± 0.02 min for vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid, respectively. These results suggest that vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid may be useful for the control of Cronobacter spp. in food during preparation and storage, according to "Effect of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid on the growth and heat resistance of Cronobacter species" by Yemiş GP, Pagotto F, Bach S, Delaquis P.(2)
3. Antisickling activity
In the evaluation of in vitro with pyridyl derivatives of vanillin, including INN-312 and INN-298, showed as much as a 90-fold increased in antisickling activity compared with vanillin, found that these compounds may act to prevent sickling of SS cells by increasing the fraction of the soluble high-affinity Hb S and/or by stereospecific inhibition of deoxygenated Hb S polymerization, according to "Crystallographic analysis of human hemoglobin elucidates the structural basis of the potent and dual antisickling activity of pyridyl derivatives of vanillin" by Abdulmalik O, Ghatge MS, Musayev FN, Parikh A, Chen Q, Yang J, Nnamani I, Danso-Danquah R, Eseonu DN, Asakura T, Abraham DJ, Venitz J, Safo MK.(3)
4. Oxidative brain damage
In the investigation of the degree of protection in brain tissue by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide (NO)the degree of protection in brain tissue was evaluated by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide (NO), found that Vanillin showed a significant brain-protective effect by decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation and NO(2) and elevated the activities of antioxidative enzymes and level of GSH. Consequently vanillin blocked oxidative brain damage induced by CCl(4) in rats, according to "Protective effect of vanillin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative brain injury in rats" by Makni M, Chtourou Y, Barkallah M, Fetoui H.(4)
5. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties
In the evaluation of the protective effects of vanillin against carbon tetrachoride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in rat, found that pretreatment with vanillin prior the administration of CCl(4) significantly prevented the decrease of protein synthesis and the increase in plasma alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases. Furthermore, it inhibited hepatic lipid peroxidation (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) formation and attenuated the (CCl(4))-mediated depletion of antioxidant enzyme catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and glutathione level (GSH) in the liver. In addition, vanillin markedly attenuated the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prevented CCl(4)-induced hepatic cell alteration and necrosis, as indicated by liver histopathology, according to "Evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties of vanillin in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats" by Makni M, Chtourou Y, Fetoui H, Garoui el M, Boudawara T, Zeghal N.(5)
6. Antimicrobial activities
In the investigation of Antimicrobial activity of propolis oil extract from raw material harvested in Lithuania in experimental studies in vitro, and determination of the minimal concentration of phenolic compounds that inhibited respective microorganisms, found that phenolic compounds have effective antimicrobial activity in propolis oil extract; thus, it can be compatible with the semisolid preparation, according to "Propolis oil extract: quality analysis and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity" by Ramanauskienė K, Inkėnienė AM.(6)
7. Colorectal cancer
In the investigation of the toxicity of salicylates, the sensitivity of the DNA mismatch repair proficient SW480 human colorectal cancer cell line and testing four categories of compounds with varying degrees of structural similarity to acetylsalicylic acid. These compounds were: i) salicylic acid analogues with substituents at the 5-position; ii) ASA analogues with extended chain lengths in the acyl group; iii) vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; and iv) bis(2-carboxyphenyl) succinate (BCS) and structurally similar derivatives thereof.
found that vanillin exhibited relatively limited toxicity against the SW480 colorectal cancer cell line. Commercially available and in-house synthesised BCS (diaspirin) were notably more inhibitory to cell growth than ASA itself, yet retained substantial specificity against colorectal cancer cell lines vs. non-colorectal cancer cell lines, according to "Activity of aspirin analogues and vanillin in a human colorectal cancer cell line" by Deb J, Dibra H, Shan S, Rajan S, Manneh J, Kankipati CS, Perry CJ, Nicholl ID.(7)
8. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278383
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186046
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22101818
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21986887
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21777577
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714730
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617874
Phytochemicals in Foods - 9 Health Benefits of Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid is a organic
phytochemical of the class of hydroxycinnamic acid, found in all
plants, including burdock, hawthorn, artichoke, pear, basil, thyme,
oregano, apple, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Liver cancer
In the studies of cancer chemoprevention with caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in the resistant hepatocyte model of hepatocarcinogenesis, indicated that microsomal assays demonstrated that CAPE interfered with DEN activation diminishing nitrites similar to SKF525A and probably mediated by CYP2B1/2 inhibition. A single dose of CAPE before DEN treatment reduced the appearance of tumors by 43%, according to "Cancer Prevention Mediated by Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Involves Cyp2b1/2 Modulation in Hepatocarcinogenesis" by Beltrán-Ramírez O, Macías Pérez R, Sierra-Santoyo A, Villa-Treviño S.(1)
2. Antioxidant Effect
In the testing the antioxidant properties of hydroalcoholic (HAB) and aqueous extracts (AB) from the bark and aqueous extract (AL) from the leaves of Stryphnodendron rotundifolium to determine a possible association between antioxidant activity and the popular use of this plant,
found that gallic acid, catechin, rutin and caffeic acid were the major components of the crude extracts of S. rotundifolium. Plant extracts inhibited Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates. Iron chelation was also investigated and only HBA exhibited a weak activity. Taken together, the results suggest that S. rotundifolium could be considered an effective agent in the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress, according to "Antioxidant Effect of Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Martius Extracts from Cariri-Ceará State (Brazil): Potential Involvement in Its Therapeutic Use" by Costa JG, Leite Gde O, Dubois AF, Seeger RL, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, Campos AR, Rocha JB.(2)
3. Neurodegenerative effects
In the investigated Neuroprotective effect of CAPE in rat organotypic midbrain slice cultures and in vivo experimental mouse model of dopaminergic neurodegeneration by intranigral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, found that neuroprotective effect of CAPE against LPS-induced injury was prevented by zinc protoporphyrin IX or anti-BDNF antibody. CAPE protected dopaminergic neurons and alleviated methamphetamine-induced rotational behavior also in 6-hydroxydopamine hemi-parkinsonian mice, according to "Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects nigral dopaminergic neurons via dual mechanisms involving heme oxygenase-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor" by Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Isohama Y, Mishima S, Katsuki H.(3)
4. Immunoregulatory effects
In the study of PBMCs from asthmatic children (5.5 ± 3.3 years old, n=28) and healthy children (5.6 ± 2.8 years old, n=23) were co-cultured with CAPE in vitro with and without phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-ionomycin, found that he immunoregulatory effects of CAPE on human PBMCs may be through the induction of regulatory T cells, as evidenced by the enhanced transforming growth factor-beta 1 production from PBMCs from asthmatic children in our study, according to "The immunoregulatory effects of caffeic Acid phenethyl ester on the cytokine secretion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from asthmatic children" by Sy LB, Yang LK, Chiu CJ, Wu WM.(4)
5. Antioxidant, anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities
In the investigation of 9 compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of C. sinensis, namely protocatechuic acid (1), trans-caffeic acid (2), methyl rosmarinate (3), rosmarinic acid (4), kaempferide-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), kaempferide-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (8) and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9) for biological activity and showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageen induced rat paw edema test and the antioxidant activities of isolated compounds 1-9 were evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging test, and compounds 1, 2, 4 and 7-9 exhibited marked scavenging activity compared to the standard BHA. These compounds were further studied for their anti-glycation properties and some compounds showed significant anti-glycation inhibitory activity, according to "Antioxidant, anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic constituents from Cordia sinensis" by Al-Musayeib N, Perveen S, Fatima I, Nasir M, Hussain A.(5)
6. Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection
In the investigation of whether corn mint, a good source of natural phenols such as flavone glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives, extract would be beneficial against a universal respiratory tract pathogen, Chlamydia pneumoniae, infection, found that Linarin completely inhibited the growth at 100 μM. Inbred C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with C. pneumoniae K7. M. arvensis extract was given intraperitoneally once daily for 3 days prior to inoculation and continued for 10 days postinfection. The extract was able to diminish the inflammatory parameters related to C. pneumoniae infection and significantly (p = 0.019) lowered the number of C. pneumoniae genome equivalents detected by PCR at biologically relevant amounts, according to "Corn Mint ( Mentha arvensis ) Extract Diminishes Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in Vitro and in Vivo" by Salin O, Törmäkangas L, Leinonen M, Saario E, Hagström M, Ketola RA, Saikku P, Vuorela H, Vuorela PM.(6)
7. Male Fertility
In the assessment of the adverse effect of lambda cyhalothrin (LC) on reproductive organs and fertility in male rats and the protective role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), found that treatment with CAPE improved the reduction in the sperm characteristics, LC-induced oxidative damage of testes and the testicular histopathological alterations. Results indicate that LC exerts significant harmful effects on the male reproductive system and that CAPE reduced the deleterious effects of LC on male fertility, according to "Protective role of caffeic acid on lambda cyhalothrin-induced changes in sperm characteristics and testicular oxidative damage in rats" by Abdallah FB, Fetou H, Zribi N, Fakhfakh F, Keskes L.(7)
8. Anti-HIV Activity
In the sudy of the phytochemical properties and anti-HIV activity of the phenolic isolates of the plateau medicinal plant DAPHNE ACUTILOBA Rehd. (Thymelaeceae), found that daphnenin ( 1) and caffeic acid N-octadecyl ester ( 13) showed definite anti-HIV activity with EC (50) values of 0.39 and 0.16 µg/mL, respectively, according to "Phenols with Anti-HIV Activity from Daphne acutiloba" by Huang SZ, Zhang XJ, Li XY, Jiang HZ, Ma QY, Wang PC, Liu YQ, Hu JM, Zheng YT, Zhou J, Zhao YX.(8)
9. Antihypertensive effect
In the investigation of the antihypertensive effect of Melothria maderaspatana leaf fractions on deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertensive rats and identification of compounds from the active fraction by GC-MS analysis, found that by GC-MS analysis, phytochemicals such as coumarin, vallinic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid were identified in EAFM. In conclusion, the EAFM controls blood pressure in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats and reverts the metabolic alterations in magnesium, copper and zinc., according to "Antihypertensive effect of Melothria maderaspatana leaf fractions on DOCA-salt-induced hypertensive rats and identification of compounds by GC-MS analysis" by Veeramani C, Al-Numair KS, Chandramohan G, Alsaif MA, Alhamdan AA, Pugalendi KV.(9)
10. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22291063
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258340
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224485
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192260
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158590
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073967
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22025501
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989641
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964566
Health Benefits
1. Liver cancer
In the studies of cancer chemoprevention with caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in the resistant hepatocyte model of hepatocarcinogenesis, indicated that microsomal assays demonstrated that CAPE interfered with DEN activation diminishing nitrites similar to SKF525A and probably mediated by CYP2B1/2 inhibition. A single dose of CAPE before DEN treatment reduced the appearance of tumors by 43%, according to "Cancer Prevention Mediated by Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Involves Cyp2b1/2 Modulation in Hepatocarcinogenesis" by Beltrán-Ramírez O, Macías Pérez R, Sierra-Santoyo A, Villa-Treviño S.(1)
2. Antioxidant Effect
In the testing the antioxidant properties of hydroalcoholic (HAB) and aqueous extracts (AB) from the bark and aqueous extract (AL) from the leaves of Stryphnodendron rotundifolium to determine a possible association between antioxidant activity and the popular use of this plant,
found that gallic acid, catechin, rutin and caffeic acid were the major components of the crude extracts of S. rotundifolium. Plant extracts inhibited Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates. Iron chelation was also investigated and only HBA exhibited a weak activity. Taken together, the results suggest that S. rotundifolium could be considered an effective agent in the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress, according to "Antioxidant Effect of Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Martius Extracts from Cariri-Ceará State (Brazil): Potential Involvement in Its Therapeutic Use" by Costa JG, Leite Gde O, Dubois AF, Seeger RL, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, Campos AR, Rocha JB.(2)
3. Neurodegenerative effects
In the investigated Neuroprotective effect of CAPE in rat organotypic midbrain slice cultures and in vivo experimental mouse model of dopaminergic neurodegeneration by intranigral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, found that neuroprotective effect of CAPE against LPS-induced injury was prevented by zinc protoporphyrin IX or anti-BDNF antibody. CAPE protected dopaminergic neurons and alleviated methamphetamine-induced rotational behavior also in 6-hydroxydopamine hemi-parkinsonian mice, according to "Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects nigral dopaminergic neurons via dual mechanisms involving heme oxygenase-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor" by Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Isohama Y, Mishima S, Katsuki H.(3)
4. Immunoregulatory effects
In the study of PBMCs from asthmatic children (5.5 ± 3.3 years old, n=28) and healthy children (5.6 ± 2.8 years old, n=23) were co-cultured with CAPE in vitro with and without phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-ionomycin, found that he immunoregulatory effects of CAPE on human PBMCs may be through the induction of regulatory T cells, as evidenced by the enhanced transforming growth factor-beta 1 production from PBMCs from asthmatic children in our study, according to "The immunoregulatory effects of caffeic Acid phenethyl ester on the cytokine secretion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from asthmatic children" by Sy LB, Yang LK, Chiu CJ, Wu WM.(4)
5. Antioxidant, anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities
In the investigation of 9 compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of C. sinensis, namely protocatechuic acid (1), trans-caffeic acid (2), methyl rosmarinate (3), rosmarinic acid (4), kaempferide-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), kaempferide-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (8) and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9) for biological activity and showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageen induced rat paw edema test and the antioxidant activities of isolated compounds 1-9 were evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging test, and compounds 1, 2, 4 and 7-9 exhibited marked scavenging activity compared to the standard BHA. These compounds were further studied for their anti-glycation properties and some compounds showed significant anti-glycation inhibitory activity, according to "Antioxidant, anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic constituents from Cordia sinensis" by Al-Musayeib N, Perveen S, Fatima I, Nasir M, Hussain A.(5)
6. Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection
In the investigation of whether corn mint, a good source of natural phenols such as flavone glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives, extract would be beneficial against a universal respiratory tract pathogen, Chlamydia pneumoniae, infection, found that Linarin completely inhibited the growth at 100 μM. Inbred C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with C. pneumoniae K7. M. arvensis extract was given intraperitoneally once daily for 3 days prior to inoculation and continued for 10 days postinfection. The extract was able to diminish the inflammatory parameters related to C. pneumoniae infection and significantly (p = 0.019) lowered the number of C. pneumoniae genome equivalents detected by PCR at biologically relevant amounts, according to "Corn Mint ( Mentha arvensis ) Extract Diminishes Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in Vitro and in Vivo" by Salin O, Törmäkangas L, Leinonen M, Saario E, Hagström M, Ketola RA, Saikku P, Vuorela H, Vuorela PM.(6)
7. Male Fertility
In the assessment of the adverse effect of lambda cyhalothrin (LC) on reproductive organs and fertility in male rats and the protective role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), found that treatment with CAPE improved the reduction in the sperm characteristics, LC-induced oxidative damage of testes and the testicular histopathological alterations. Results indicate that LC exerts significant harmful effects on the male reproductive system and that CAPE reduced the deleterious effects of LC on male fertility, according to "Protective role of caffeic acid on lambda cyhalothrin-induced changes in sperm characteristics and testicular oxidative damage in rats" by Abdallah FB, Fetou H, Zribi N, Fakhfakh F, Keskes L.(7)
8. Anti-HIV Activity
In the sudy of the phytochemical properties and anti-HIV activity of the phenolic isolates of the plateau medicinal plant DAPHNE ACUTILOBA Rehd. (Thymelaeceae), found that daphnenin ( 1) and caffeic acid N-octadecyl ester ( 13) showed definite anti-HIV activity with EC (50) values of 0.39 and 0.16 µg/mL, respectively, according to "Phenols with Anti-HIV Activity from Daphne acutiloba" by Huang SZ, Zhang XJ, Li XY, Jiang HZ, Ma QY, Wang PC, Liu YQ, Hu JM, Zheng YT, Zhou J, Zhao YX.(8)
9. Antihypertensive effect
In the investigation of the antihypertensive effect of Melothria maderaspatana leaf fractions on deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertensive rats and identification of compounds from the active fraction by GC-MS analysis, found that by GC-MS analysis, phytochemicals such as coumarin, vallinic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid were identified in EAFM. In conclusion, the EAFM controls blood pressure in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats and reverts the metabolic alterations in magnesium, copper and zinc., according to "Antihypertensive effect of Melothria maderaspatana leaf fractions on DOCA-salt-induced hypertensive rats and identification of compounds by GC-MS analysis" by Veeramani C, Al-Numair KS, Chandramohan G, Alsaif MA, Alhamdan AA, Pugalendi KV.(9)
10. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22291063
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258340
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224485
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192260
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158590
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073967
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22025501
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989641
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964566
Phytochemicals in Foods - 10 Health Benefits of Chlorogenic acid
Chlorogenic acid is a
phytochemical in the class of Hydroxycinnamic acids, found abundantly in
strawberries, pineapple, coffee, sunflower, blueberries, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Anti oxidative effects
In the investigation of the impact of consumption of a coffee containing high levels of chlorogenic acids on the oxidation of proteins, DNA and membrane lipids; additionally, other redox biomarkers were monitored in an intervention trial, found that the oxidation of DNA, lipids and proteins associated with the incidence of various diseases and the protection against their oxidative damage may be indicative for beneficial health effects of coffee, according to "Instant coffee with high chlorogenic acid levels protects humans against oxidative damage of macromolecules" by Hoelzl C, Knasmüller S, Wagner KH, Elbling L, Huber W, Kager N, Ferk F, Ehrlich V, Nersesyan A, Neubauer O, Desmarchelier A, Marin-Kuan M, Delatour T, Verguet C, Bezençon C, Besson A, Grathwohl D, Simic T, Kundi M, Schilter B, Cavin C.(1)
2. Hepatoprotective effects
In the investigation of the potential protective effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on acute liver injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice, found that CGA also decreased the elevated plasma levels of ALT and AST. At the transcriptional level, CGA pretreatment suppressed hepatic mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB p65 subunit. In contrast, mRNA level of the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha was restored by CGA. Finally, CGA reduced the phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 subunit in the liver, according to "Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on acute hepatotoxicity induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice" by Xu Y, Chen J, Yu X, Tao W, Jiang F, Yin Z, Liu C.(2)
3. Anti-obesity
in the investigation of the efficacy of chlorogenic acid on altering body fat in high-fat diet (37% calories from fat) induced-obese mice compared to caffeic acid. Caffeic acid or chlorogenic acid was supplemented with high-fat diet at 0.02% (wt/wt) dose, found that Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid significantly inhibited fatty acid synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activities, while they increased fatty acid beta-oxidation activity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha expression in the liver compared to the high-fat group, and concluded that caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid improve body weight, lipid metabolism and obesity-related hormones levels in high-fat fed mice. Chlorogenic acid seemed to be more potent for body weight reduction and regulation of lipid metabolism than caffeic acid, according to "Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice" by
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20589860
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20405164
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064576
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285519
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22265539
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210102
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180146
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22143540
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22107990
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888504
Health Benefits
1. Anti oxidative effects
In the investigation of the impact of consumption of a coffee containing high levels of chlorogenic acids on the oxidation of proteins, DNA and membrane lipids; additionally, other redox biomarkers were monitored in an intervention trial, found that the oxidation of DNA, lipids and proteins associated with the incidence of various diseases and the protection against their oxidative damage may be indicative for beneficial health effects of coffee, according to "Instant coffee with high chlorogenic acid levels protects humans against oxidative damage of macromolecules" by Hoelzl C, Knasmüller S, Wagner KH, Elbling L, Huber W, Kager N, Ferk F, Ehrlich V, Nersesyan A, Neubauer O, Desmarchelier A, Marin-Kuan M, Delatour T, Verguet C, Bezençon C, Besson A, Grathwohl D, Simic T, Kundi M, Schilter B, Cavin C.(1)
2. Hepatoprotective effects
In the investigation of the potential protective effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on acute liver injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice, found that CGA also decreased the elevated plasma levels of ALT and AST. At the transcriptional level, CGA pretreatment suppressed hepatic mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB p65 subunit. In contrast, mRNA level of the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha was restored by CGA. Finally, CGA reduced the phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 subunit in the liver, according to "Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on acute hepatotoxicity induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice" by Xu Y, Chen J, Yu X, Tao W, Jiang F, Yin Z, Liu C.(2)
3. Anti-obesity
in the investigation of the efficacy of chlorogenic acid on altering body fat in high-fat diet (37% calories from fat) induced-obese mice compared to caffeic acid. Caffeic acid or chlorogenic acid was supplemented with high-fat diet at 0.02% (wt/wt) dose, found that Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid significantly inhibited fatty acid synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activities, while they increased fatty acid beta-oxidation activity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha expression in the liver compared to the high-fat group, and concluded that caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid improve body weight, lipid metabolism and obesity-related hormones levels in high-fat fed mice. Chlorogenic acid seemed to be more potent for body weight reduction and regulation of lipid metabolism than caffeic acid, according to "Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice" by
Cho AS, Jeon SM, Kim MJ, Yeo J, Seo KI, Choi MS, Lee MK.(3)
4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects
In the assessment in vivo of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the aerial part and root extracts of Scorzonera acuminata, Scorzonera cana var. alpina, Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cana var. radicosa, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa, Scorzonera laciniata ssp. laciniata, Scorzonera parviflora and Scorzonera sublanata and theirs effect against inflammation and to relieve pain, found that Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa and Scorzonera parviflora possess significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity. It has been suggested that flavonoids and chlorogenic acid are partly responsible for mentioned activities of Scorzonera species, according to "Ethnopharmacological evaluation of some Scorzonera species: In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects" by Küpeli Akkol E, Bahadır Acıkara O, Süntar I, Ergene B, Saltan Çitoğlu G.(4)
5. Antioxidants
In the study of the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of spent coffee grounds and coffee husks extracts, obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO(2) and with CO(2) and co-solvent, found that the best antioxidant activity was showed by coffee husk extracts obtained by LPE. The quantification and the identification of the extracts were accomplished using HPLC analysis. The main compounds identified were caffeine and chlorogenic acid for the supercritical extracts from coffee husks, according to "Supercritical fluid extraction from spent coffee grounds and coffee husks: Antioxidant activity and effect of operational variables on extract composition" by Andrade KS, Gonçalvez RT, Maraschin M, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM, Martínez J, Ferreira SR.(5)
6. Antitussive
In the investigation of the orally administrated the water extracts in mice. Ammonia induced mice coughing model was used to evaluate the antitussive activity, found that only flower bud can be used as the antitussive and expectorant herbal drug. The high concentration of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin in flower buds may be related with the antitussive and expectorant effects of Flos Farfara. To guarantee the clinical effect, rachis should be picked out before use, according to "Metabolomic profiling of the flower bud and rachis of Tussilago farfara with antitussive and expectorant effects on mice" by Li ZY, Zhi HJ, Xue SY, Sun HF, Zhang FS, Jia JP, Xing J, Zhang LZ, Qin XM.(6)
7. Rheumatoid Arthritis
In the investigation the antiarthritic activities of this compound in adjuvant induced-arthritis in male Wistar rats, and exploration of the underlying mechanisms of actions in view of immunological responses, found that CGA efficiently suppressed CD80/86 but failed to bring any changes in the CD28 count, whereas ibuprofen (standard drug) resulted in highly significant inhibition of both. We next examined the effect on CD4(+) T cells specific Th1/Th2 cytokines by flow cytometry and observed that CGA suppressed the Th1 cytokines in a highly significant manner but elevated Th2 cytokines with dose dependence. Results of the present investigation suggest that CGA is a potent antiarthritic agent, according to "Differential Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Various Immunological Parameters Relevant to Rheumatoid Arthritis" by Chauhan PS, Satti NK, Sharma P, Sharma VK, Suri KA, Bani S.(7)
8. Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects
In the investigation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and phenolic components of different solvent (absolute methanol, absolute ethanol, absolute acetone, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% acetone and deionized water) extracts of leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.], found that 80% methanol extract produced from the leaves exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity, with high phenolic contents (3.63 g GAE/100 g DW), total flavonoid contents (1.19 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of peroxidation (85.54%), DPPH scavenging capacity (IC(50) value 8.89 μg/mL) and reducing power (1.87). Similarly, this 80% methanol leaves extract also showed superior antimicrobial activity. HPLC analysis of the 80% methanol extracts for individual phenolics revealed the presence of gallic, protocatechuic and salicylic acid in leaves; gallic, protocatechuic, salicylic, trans-cinnamic and chlorogenic acid in flowers, and gallic acid in bark as the main (amount > 1.50 mg/100 g DW) phenolic acids, according to "Antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes and phenolics of different solvent extracts from leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf]" by Shabir G, Anwar F, Sultana B, Khalid ZM, Afzal M, Khan QM, Ashrafuzzaman M.(8)
9. Apoptosis and mutagenicity
In the investigation of whether the PBMCs death induced by cold aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Ba-CAE) a sa result of apoptosis, and whether this extract exerts mutagenic effects on mice at 24 and 48h after administration.
found that the extract induced PBMCs death by apoptosis and increased the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow. The phytochemical study of cold aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Ba-CAE) i showed the presence of flavones as luteolin and acacetin, caffeoylquinic acids as chlorogenic acid, and tannins, according to "Apoptosis and mutagenicity induction by a characterized aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers. (Asteraceae) on normal cells" by Cariddi L, Escobar F, Sabini C, Torres C, Reinoso E, Cristofolini A, Comini L, Núñez Montoya S, Sabini L.(9)
10. Colon cancer and liver cancer
In the evaluation for antioxidant activity, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, anthocyanin content, and in vitro anticancer capacity, found that the relationship between antioxidant activity and EC(50) of colon cancer/liver cancer cell proliferation was significant (R(2) = 0.8144; R(2) = 0.956, respectively). A significant difference in inhibition of cancer cells (P < 0.01) existed between the 3 polyphenols: chlorogenic acid, pelargonidin chloride, and malvidin chloride, suggesting that chlorogenic acid was a critical factor in the antiproliferation of colon cancer and liver cancer cells, according to "Inhibitory effect of antioxidant extracts from various potatoes on the proliferation of human colon and liver cancer cells' by Wang Q, Chen Q, He M, Mir P, Su J, Yang Q.(10)
11. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects
In the assessment in vivo of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the aerial part and root extracts of Scorzonera acuminata, Scorzonera cana var. alpina, Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cana var. radicosa, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa, Scorzonera laciniata ssp. laciniata, Scorzonera parviflora and Scorzonera sublanata and theirs effect against inflammation and to relieve pain, found that Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa and Scorzonera parviflora possess significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity. It has been suggested that flavonoids and chlorogenic acid are partly responsible for mentioned activities of Scorzonera species, according to "Ethnopharmacological evaluation of some Scorzonera species: In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects" by Küpeli Akkol E, Bahadır Acıkara O, Süntar I, Ergene B, Saltan Çitoğlu G.(4)
5. Antioxidants
In the study of the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of spent coffee grounds and coffee husks extracts, obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO(2) and with CO(2) and co-solvent, found that the best antioxidant activity was showed by coffee husk extracts obtained by LPE. The quantification and the identification of the extracts were accomplished using HPLC analysis. The main compounds identified were caffeine and chlorogenic acid for the supercritical extracts from coffee husks, according to "Supercritical fluid extraction from spent coffee grounds and coffee husks: Antioxidant activity and effect of operational variables on extract composition" by Andrade KS, Gonçalvez RT, Maraschin M, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM, Martínez J, Ferreira SR.(5)
6. Antitussive
In the investigation of the orally administrated the water extracts in mice. Ammonia induced mice coughing model was used to evaluate the antitussive activity, found that only flower bud can be used as the antitussive and expectorant herbal drug. The high concentration of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin in flower buds may be related with the antitussive and expectorant effects of Flos Farfara. To guarantee the clinical effect, rachis should be picked out before use, according to "Metabolomic profiling of the flower bud and rachis of Tussilago farfara with antitussive and expectorant effects on mice" by Li ZY, Zhi HJ, Xue SY, Sun HF, Zhang FS, Jia JP, Xing J, Zhang LZ, Qin XM.(6)
7. Rheumatoid Arthritis
In the investigation the antiarthritic activities of this compound in adjuvant induced-arthritis in male Wistar rats, and exploration of the underlying mechanisms of actions in view of immunological responses, found that CGA efficiently suppressed CD80/86 but failed to bring any changes in the CD28 count, whereas ibuprofen (standard drug) resulted in highly significant inhibition of both. We next examined the effect on CD4(+) T cells specific Th1/Th2 cytokines by flow cytometry and observed that CGA suppressed the Th1 cytokines in a highly significant manner but elevated Th2 cytokines with dose dependence. Results of the present investigation suggest that CGA is a potent antiarthritic agent, according to "Differential Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Various Immunological Parameters Relevant to Rheumatoid Arthritis" by Chauhan PS, Satti NK, Sharma P, Sharma VK, Suri KA, Bani S.(7)
8. Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects
In the investigation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and phenolic components of different solvent (absolute methanol, absolute ethanol, absolute acetone, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% acetone and deionized water) extracts of leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.], found that 80% methanol extract produced from the leaves exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity, with high phenolic contents (3.63 g GAE/100 g DW), total flavonoid contents (1.19 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of peroxidation (85.54%), DPPH scavenging capacity (IC(50) value 8.89 μg/mL) and reducing power (1.87). Similarly, this 80% methanol leaves extract also showed superior antimicrobial activity. HPLC analysis of the 80% methanol extracts for individual phenolics revealed the presence of gallic, protocatechuic and salicylic acid in leaves; gallic, protocatechuic, salicylic, trans-cinnamic and chlorogenic acid in flowers, and gallic acid in bark as the main (amount > 1.50 mg/100 g DW) phenolic acids, according to "Antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes and phenolics of different solvent extracts from leaves, flowers and bark of Gold Mohar [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf]" by Shabir G, Anwar F, Sultana B, Khalid ZM, Afzal M, Khan QM, Ashrafuzzaman M.(8)
9. Apoptosis and mutagenicity
In the investigation of whether the PBMCs death induced by cold aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Ba-CAE) a sa result of apoptosis, and whether this extract exerts mutagenic effects on mice at 24 and 48h after administration.
found that the extract induced PBMCs death by apoptosis and increased the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow. The phytochemical study of cold aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Ba-CAE) i showed the presence of flavones as luteolin and acacetin, caffeoylquinic acids as chlorogenic acid, and tannins, according to "Apoptosis and mutagenicity induction by a characterized aqueous extract of Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers. (Asteraceae) on normal cells" by Cariddi L, Escobar F, Sabini C, Torres C, Reinoso E, Cristofolini A, Comini L, Núñez Montoya S, Sabini L.(9)
10. Colon cancer and liver cancer
In the evaluation for antioxidant activity, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, anthocyanin content, and in vitro anticancer capacity, found that the relationship between antioxidant activity and EC(50) of colon cancer/liver cancer cell proliferation was significant (R(2) = 0.8144; R(2) = 0.956, respectively). A significant difference in inhibition of cancer cells (P < 0.01) existed between the 3 polyphenols: chlorogenic acid, pelargonidin chloride, and malvidin chloride, suggesting that chlorogenic acid was a critical factor in the antiproliferation of colon cancer and liver cancer cells, according to "Inhibitory effect of antioxidant extracts from various potatoes on the proliferation of human colon and liver cancer cells' by Wang Q, Chen Q, He M, Mir P, Su J, Yang Q.(10)
11. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20589860
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20405164
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064576
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285519
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22265539
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210102
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180146
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22143540
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22107990
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888504
Phytochemicals in Foods - 13 Health Benefits of Silymarin
Silymarin is a phytochemical in the class of Lignans (phytoestrogens), found abundantly in artichokes, milk thistle, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidants
In the testing the effects ofEthyl acetate (100mg/kg bw) and ethanol seed extracts for S. marianum (100mg/kg bw) against the injection (i.p.) by carbon tetrachloride (2 ml/kg bw) the inducer of liver damage, found that ethanolic extract showed the most significantly decrease in the liver enzymes. For the oxidative experiments, ethyl acetate showed the most increase for glutathione level and the risk factor HDL/LDL significantly. Hepaticum was the most powerful group for the significant decreasing for malondialdehyde and fucosidase activity, according to "Silymarin, the antioxidant component and Silybum marianum extracts prevent liver damage" by Shaker E, Mahmoud H, Mnaa S.(1)
2. Chronic liver diseases
In the investigation of the main effects of silymarin on the membrane stabilising and antioxidant effects as it is able to help the liver cell regeneration and decrease the inflammatory reaction and inhibit the fibrogenesis in the liver, found that silymarin is able to decrease significantly tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis as well as insulin resistance. These results support the administration of silymarin preparations in the therapy of chronic liver diseases, especially in alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in current clinical practice, and as it can be awaited, also in the future, according to "[Silymarin in the treatment of chronic liver diseases: past and future].[Article in Hungarian]" by Fehér J, Lengyel G.(2)
3. Liver cancer
In the investigation of the mechanisms involved in the growth inhibitory effect of silymarin, in humanhepatocellular carcinoma, found that Silymarin inhibited population growth of the hepatocellular carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased after treatment with 50 and 75 microg/ml silymarin for 24 h. Silymarin treatment increased the proportion of cells with reduced DNA content (sub-G(0)/G(1) or A(0) peak), indicative of apoptosis with loss of cells in the G(1) phase, according to "Silymarin inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells" by Ramakrishnan G, Lo Muzio L, Elinos-Báez CM, Jagan S, Augustine TA, Kamaraj S, Anandakumar P, Devaki T.(3)
4. Anti cancers
In the stigmatization of the recent investigations and mechanistic studies regarding possible molecular targets of silymarin for cancer prevention, indicated that the protective effects of silymarin and its major active constituent, silibinin, studied in various tissues, suggest a clinical application in cancer patients as an adjunct to established therapies, to prevent or reduce chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy-induced toxicity. This review focuses on the chemistry and analogues of silymarin, multiple possible molecular mechanisms, in vitro as well as in vivo anti-cancer activities, and studies on human clinical trials, according to "Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin" by Ramasamy K, Agarwal R.(4)
5. Skin health
In the examination of the toxicity of octylamine-poly(acrylic acid) (OPA) modified CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and a pharmacological means of preventing QD-induced cell death,
found that Silibinin, a natural product derived from milkweed thistle, is known for its powerful antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties. Pretreatment of cells with silibinin, significantly reduced QD-induced cell death in A375 and A375-S2 cells, according to "The cytotoxicity of OPA-modified CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots and its modulation by silibinin in human skin cells" by Zheng H, Chen G, Song F, DeLouise LA, Lou Z.(5)
6. Diabetes
In the study conducted on cirrhotic patients with diabetes mellitus admitted to Medical Trust Hospital, Cochin, Kerala, during the period from July 2009 to December 2009. Patients of both gender, aged between 20 and 70 years, found that the hypoglycemic potential of silymarin may be due its antioxidant activity by reducing insulin resistance. Our study revealed that silymarin has good effect in the restoration of liver function and also established efficacy in controlling blood glucose level in diabetes patients with liver disease, according to "Effect of silymarin in diabetes mellitus patients with liver diseases" by Manonmani Alvin Jose, Anjana Abraham, MP Narmadha(6)
7. Neuroprotective effect
In numerous studies reported impaired cognitive and neurochemical function in diabetic patients and streptozotocin induced diabetic rodents, found that HO-1 is differently expressed in various brain regions in db/db mice when compared to lean animals. Furthermore, silibinin provides DNA protection and reduces oxidative stress in a brain specific area, in part via the activation of the HO system. Silibinin may provide a valid tool to counteract oxidative stress in the diabetic status in the central nervous system under diabetic condition, according to "Neuroprotective effect of silibinin in diabetic mice" by
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034535
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19073452
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19317806
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18472213
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22195482
(6) http://www.jpharmacol.com/article.asp?issn=0976-500X;year=2011;volume=2;issue=4;spage=287;epage=289;aulast=Jose
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21970972
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952357
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21941436
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21898547
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidants
In the testing the effects ofEthyl acetate (100mg/kg bw) and ethanol seed extracts for S. marianum (100mg/kg bw) against the injection (i.p.) by carbon tetrachloride (2 ml/kg bw) the inducer of liver damage, found that ethanolic extract showed the most significantly decrease in the liver enzymes. For the oxidative experiments, ethyl acetate showed the most increase for glutathione level and the risk factor HDL/LDL significantly. Hepaticum was the most powerful group for the significant decreasing for malondialdehyde and fucosidase activity, according to "Silymarin, the antioxidant component and Silybum marianum extracts prevent liver damage" by Shaker E, Mahmoud H, Mnaa S.(1)
2. Chronic liver diseases
In the investigation of the main effects of silymarin on the membrane stabilising and antioxidant effects as it is able to help the liver cell regeneration and decrease the inflammatory reaction and inhibit the fibrogenesis in the liver, found that silymarin is able to decrease significantly tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis as well as insulin resistance. These results support the administration of silymarin preparations in the therapy of chronic liver diseases, especially in alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in current clinical practice, and as it can be awaited, also in the future, according to "[Silymarin in the treatment of chronic liver diseases: past and future].[Article in Hungarian]" by Fehér J, Lengyel G.(2)
3. Liver cancer
In the investigation of the mechanisms involved in the growth inhibitory effect of silymarin, in humanhepatocellular carcinoma, found that Silymarin inhibited population growth of the hepatocellular carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased after treatment with 50 and 75 microg/ml silymarin for 24 h. Silymarin treatment increased the proportion of cells with reduced DNA content (sub-G(0)/G(1) or A(0) peak), indicative of apoptosis with loss of cells in the G(1) phase, according to "Silymarin inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells" by Ramakrishnan G, Lo Muzio L, Elinos-Báez CM, Jagan S, Augustine TA, Kamaraj S, Anandakumar P, Devaki T.(3)
4. Anti cancers
In the stigmatization of the recent investigations and mechanistic studies regarding possible molecular targets of silymarin for cancer prevention, indicated that the protective effects of silymarin and its major active constituent, silibinin, studied in various tissues, suggest a clinical application in cancer patients as an adjunct to established therapies, to prevent or reduce chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy-induced toxicity. This review focuses on the chemistry and analogues of silymarin, multiple possible molecular mechanisms, in vitro as well as in vivo anti-cancer activities, and studies on human clinical trials, according to "Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin" by Ramasamy K, Agarwal R.(4)
5. Skin health
In the examination of the toxicity of octylamine-poly(acrylic acid) (OPA) modified CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and a pharmacological means of preventing QD-induced cell death,
found that Silibinin, a natural product derived from milkweed thistle, is known for its powerful antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties. Pretreatment of cells with silibinin, significantly reduced QD-induced cell death in A375 and A375-S2 cells, according to "The cytotoxicity of OPA-modified CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots and its modulation by silibinin in human skin cells" by Zheng H, Chen G, Song F, DeLouise LA, Lou Z.(5)
6. Diabetes
In the study conducted on cirrhotic patients with diabetes mellitus admitted to Medical Trust Hospital, Cochin, Kerala, during the period from July 2009 to December 2009. Patients of both gender, aged between 20 and 70 years, found that the hypoglycemic potential of silymarin may be due its antioxidant activity by reducing insulin resistance. Our study revealed that silymarin has good effect in the restoration of liver function and also established efficacy in controlling blood glucose level in diabetes patients with liver disease, according to "Effect of silymarin in diabetes mellitus patients with liver diseases" by Manonmani Alvin Jose, Anjana Abraham, MP Narmadha(6)
7. Neuroprotective effect
In numerous studies reported impaired cognitive and neurochemical function in diabetic patients and streptozotocin induced diabetic rodents, found that HO-1 is differently expressed in various brain regions in db/db mice when compared to lean animals. Furthermore, silibinin provides DNA protection and reduces oxidative stress in a brain specific area, in part via the activation of the HO system. Silibinin may provide a valid tool to counteract oxidative stress in the diabetic status in the central nervous system under diabetic condition, according to "Neuroprotective effect of silibinin in diabetic mice" by
Marrazzo G, Bosco P, La Delia F, Scapagnini G, Di Giacomo C, Malaguarnera M, Galvano F, Nicolosi A, Li Volti G.(7)
8. Allergic rhinitis
In a randomized clinical trial, 94 patients with the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis and a positive skin prick test were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. Their signs and symptoms, eosinophil percentage on nasal smear, serum IgE, and interleukin (IL-4, IL-5, interferon-γ) levels were recorded. The study group was treated with silymarin, whereas the control group received placebo, both for 1 month, along with routine antihistamine treatment. At the end of the treatment course, clinical and laboratory findings were statistically analyzed,indicated that the statistically effective role of silymarin in alleviating the severity of allergic rhinitis symptoms, applying this herbal antioxidant along with other medications may result in better management, according to "Effect of silymarin in the treatment of allergic rhinitis" by Bakhshaee M, Jabbari F, Hoseini S, Farid R, Sadeghian MH, Rajati M, Mohamadpoor AH, Movahhed R, Zamani MA.(8)
9. Antibacterial effect
In the study, the antibacterial activities of silibinin were investigated in combination with two antimicrobial agents against oral bacteria, found that the growth of the tested bacteria was completely attenuated after 2-6 h of treatment with the MBC of silibinin, regardless of whether it was administered alone or with ampicillin or gentamicin. These results suggest that silibinin combined with other antibiotics may be microbiologically beneficial and not antagonistic, according to "Synergistic antibacterial effect between silibinin and antibiotics in oral bacteria" by Lee YS, Jang KA, Cha JD.(9)
10. Osteoblastogenesis and osteoprotection
In the study of the silibinin bone-forming and osteoprotective effects in in vitro cell systems of murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated in osteogenic media in the presence of 1-20 µM silibinin up to 15 days, found that silibinin retarded tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K induction and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity elevated by RANKL through disturbing TRAF6-c-Src signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that silibinin was a potential therapeutic agent promoting bone-forming osteoblastogenesis and encumbering osteoclastic bone resorption, according to "Osteoblastogenesis and osteoprotection enhanced by flavonolignan silibinin in osteoblasts and osteoclasts" by Kim JL, Kang SW, Kang MK, Gong JH, Lee ES, Han SJ, Kang YH.(10)
11. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources8. Allergic rhinitis
In a randomized clinical trial, 94 patients with the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis and a positive skin prick test were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. Their signs and symptoms, eosinophil percentage on nasal smear, serum IgE, and interleukin (IL-4, IL-5, interferon-γ) levels were recorded. The study group was treated with silymarin, whereas the control group received placebo, both for 1 month, along with routine antihistamine treatment. At the end of the treatment course, clinical and laboratory findings were statistically analyzed,indicated that the statistically effective role of silymarin in alleviating the severity of allergic rhinitis symptoms, applying this herbal antioxidant along with other medications may result in better management, according to "Effect of silymarin in the treatment of allergic rhinitis" by Bakhshaee M, Jabbari F, Hoseini S, Farid R, Sadeghian MH, Rajati M, Mohamadpoor AH, Movahhed R, Zamani MA.(8)
9. Antibacterial effect
In the study, the antibacterial activities of silibinin were investigated in combination with two antimicrobial agents against oral bacteria, found that the growth of the tested bacteria was completely attenuated after 2-6 h of treatment with the MBC of silibinin, regardless of whether it was administered alone or with ampicillin or gentamicin. These results suggest that silibinin combined with other antibiotics may be microbiologically beneficial and not antagonistic, according to "Synergistic antibacterial effect between silibinin and antibiotics in oral bacteria" by Lee YS, Jang KA, Cha JD.(9)
10. Osteoblastogenesis and osteoprotection
In the study of the silibinin bone-forming and osteoprotective effects in in vitro cell systems of murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated in osteogenic media in the presence of 1-20 µM silibinin up to 15 days, found that silibinin retarded tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K induction and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity elevated by RANKL through disturbing TRAF6-c-Src signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that silibinin was a potential therapeutic agent promoting bone-forming osteoblastogenesis and encumbering osteoclastic bone resorption, according to "Osteoblastogenesis and osteoprotection enhanced by flavonolignan silibinin in osteoblasts and osteoclasts" by Kim JL, Kang SW, Kang MK, Gong JH, Lee ES, Han SJ, Kang YH.(10)
11. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034535
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19073452
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19317806
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18472213
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22195482
(6) http://www.jpharmacol.com/article.asp?issn=0976-500X;year=2011;volume=2;issue=4;spage=287;epage=289;aulast=Jose
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21970972
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952357
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21941436
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21898547
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