Kyle J. Norton
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys associated with reduced function of the kidney due to toxic chemicals, and medications.
The kidneys are essential bean-shaped organs of our body, located just below the rib cage, one on each side of your spine.
Kidneys play a critical role in filtering blood with billions of glomeruli by separating the cells of blood from plasma and reabsorbing back substances, and secret waste such as urea and ammonium are stored in the pelvis and then into the ureter to the bladder.
Furthermore, kidneys also process the functions that regulate electrolytes, and blood pressure, maintain acid-base balance, produce hormone calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin, etc.
In the urinary system, the kidney also reabsorbed substances into the blood, while other wastes, such as urea and ammonium are stored in the pelvis and then into the ureter to the bladder.
The most common symptoms of nephrotoxicity are decreased urine output, fluid retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles, or feet, weakness, fatigue, and irregular heartbeat.
In severe cases, patients may also experience symptoms of shortness of breath and confusion.
Cardiotoxicity, on the other hand, is toxicity in the heart associated with reduced heart muscle capacity in the blood circulation due to toxic chemicals, and medications.
The heart, a four-chambered, hollow muscle and double-acting pump that is located in the chest between the lungs is a muscular organ in the human body that processes the function that pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system to nourish the body and assists in the removal of metabolic wastes.
According to the statistics provided by the American Heart Foundation, on average, an American dies of CVD every 38 seconds. In 2016, cardiovascular diseases caused the death of 2,303 deaths each day, in the US.
Compared to nephrotoxicity, patients with cardiotoxicity may have symptoms of fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion, worsening to shortness of breath at rest, discomfort lying on your back, and swelling of the ankles.
Lycopene is a phytochemical in the class of carotenoids, a natural pigment with no vitamin A activity found abundantly in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons, and papayas,
Tomatoes provide about 80% of the lycopene in the world's diet. In plants, lycopene protects the host against excessive photodamage and performs various functions in photosynthesis.
Researchers examined the effects of lycopene against the toxic effects of Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) exposure in the kidney and heart of experimental rats.
A total of 42 healthy three-month-old male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups including 7 rats in each as following control group, lycopene (5 mg/kg/day, orally for 15 days) group, AFB1 (0.5 mg/kg/day, orally for 7 days) group, AFB1 (1.5 mg/kg/day, orally for 3 days) group, AFB1 (0.5 mg/kg/day, orally for 7 days) + lycopene (5 mg/kg/day, orally for 15 days) group and AFB1(1.5 mg/kg/day, orally for 3 days) + lycopene (5 mg/kg/day, orally for 15 days) group.
Compared to AFB1 and according to the tested analysis, the elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels associated with oxidative stress markers were significantly decreased in the lycopene treatment group.
The reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes in the AFB1 group such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities were increased substantially in kidney and heart tissues upon the injection of lycopene.
Furthermore, the non-enzymatic antioxidant system in AFB-treated rats that caused the rise of oxidative stress in the rat kidney and heart was also inhibited by the administration of lycopene.
Moreover, lycopene also inhibited the increased urea, and creatinine levels, and reduced sodium concentrations in the plasma of AFB1-treated rats.
Based on the findings, researchers said, "Their lycopene showed protection against AF-induced nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity".
Taken together, lycopene found in tomatoes may be considered a supplement for the prevention and treatment of osteoporotic fractures, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of lycopene in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All rights reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10,000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, Best Before it's news, the Karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for Shorty Award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Aflatoxin B1 induced renal and cardiac damage in rats: Protective effect of lycopene by Yilmaz S1, Kaya E2, Karaca A2, Karatas O. (PubMed)
(2) Effect of lycopene on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: an echocardiographic, histological and morphometrical assessment by Anjos Ferreira AL1, Russell RM, Rocha N, Placido Ladeira MS, Favero Salvadori DM, Oliveira Nascimento MC, Matsui M, Carvalho FA, Tang G, Matsubara LS, Matsubara BB. (PubMed)
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